Abstract
This paper examines culture, society, and gender roles in Chinua Achebe's novel about survival of native clans in pre-colonial societies along the Niger River in "Things Fall Apart". The author discusses how Igbo tribal members dealt with gender restrictions.

From the Paper
"Achebe's use of the motif "agbala" in Things Fall Apart showed the importance of clear and distinct gender roles to the survival of the Igbo. In spite of Okonkwo's profound fear of being seen as weak or womanly, most men in the male dominated society still accorded respect toward women. The roles were re-enforced among the Igbo through conscious identification with one's own gender, by the religious structure and the social mores. The language, specifically the terms and phrases they used which were reflected in the narration, effectively integrated gender, religion and social mores to help the Igbo survive as a people."

Tags:achebe, chinua, igbo, okonkwo, women, gender, violence, respect, tribe, niger, obierka, wife, agbala

Abstract
In this essay, the subject of contraceptives in Kenya is discussed. This includes why Western medicine will not work in a society that basis wealth on the size of the family, the lack of understanding on both parties involved, the failure of family planning programs and the lack of follow up procedures. Before seeing the western trend of smaller families as the ideal, the paper argues that one must look at the notion of children as a form of wealth in the African family. Children remain valuable assets, even when the family is faced with economic hardship. Furthermore, in advance of implementing western knowledge of contraception, both sides must be educated in each others levels of understanding. Finally, to be educated, these women must have adequate resources. If high fertility rates want to be lowered, than there needs to be access to knowledgeable programs.

From the Paper
"The West fails on the absence of understanding why these contraceptives are unavailable, and when they are, why the Africans do not use them. The lack of understanding falls on the East when one realizes that they have no education on contraceptive issues. Absence of understanding of the African culture plays a part in the misconceptions of a high fertility rate."

Tags:africa, anthropology, birth, contraception, control, education, third, women, world

Abstract
This paper focuses on how contact with Europeans and their descendants affected native populations of the Inuit in terms of introduced diseases and changes in existing patterns of trade and inter-tribal relations. It cites examples from different Inuit tribes ranging from Baffin Island in north-eastern Canada, to Alaska.

From the Paper
"Since time immemorial, the Inuit existed as some of the most isolated populations on Earth, living in some of the harshest environments imaginable. The Inuit's traditional social customs, trade patterns, and overall health and vitality all came under intense strain as a result of contact with Westerners. The individual bands' isolation proved to be fundamental to the rapid disintegration of traditional Inuit society, culture, and economics. Although the disastrous impact of European colonial exploits on the native peoples of South and Central America are well documented, Western contact and colonialism also forever changed the lives of native people half a world away in the high Arctic."

Tags:aivilingmiut, colonialism, epidemic, hudson, nuvorugmiut, sadlermiut

Abstract
This paper examines the book "Hungry for Trade, How the Poor Pay for Free Trade" by John Madeley which discusses free trade and its negative affect on poor countries. It shows that how the poor pay for free trade is a fitting analogy for what has happened to the balance of power in the years following the advent of free trade and how highlighted in the story of exploitation are the many methods in which the rich attempt to take advantage of the poor. It shows how in order to understand the impact of free trade has on the third world it is necessary to discover the organizations on both sides of the battle, the ones that are against trade and the ones that are for it. It is also analyzes together with other literary citations, how the third world could benefit from changes to free trade agreements or changes to the structures and organizations that control it.

From the Paper
"Many studies of how women contribute to the farming household, do not take into account the decisions that women help to make about the farm. A study of the methodological difficulties of accounting for women's contribution to farming in the third world by Agnes Quisumbing found that it was very difficult to distinguish where to draw the line as to who contributes more and to what activities in a farming family. At the same time the study acknowledges that it is important to mark the contributions of women to the farming family. Most of the studies reviewed by Quisumbing found no difference at all between the contributions of men and women after you controlled for individual characteristics. This supports the idea of the FAO in Madeley's book that women will be a necessary part of the equation to solve world hunger through agriculture."

Tags:debt, exploitation, starvation, third, world

Abstract
This paper examines many of the different cultural views on marriage that exist today. It specifically examines the differences in views on the role of women, the legalization of same-sex marriage, views on multiple partners and the relationship between marriage and religion. The paper concludes that views on these issues can vary greatly between cultures.

From the Paper
"As noted previously, issues of religion often play a large role in the various views towards different aspects of marriage found in cultures (Erber & Erber, 2001). Religion is responsible, for example, for many of the differences in opinion concerning same-sex marriage. In addition, religion also can dictate the role a woman plays in marriage, and the extent to which religion guides the laws of the land often influences the laws concerning women in marriage. Thus, countries with more singular religions, such as Muslim countries, often have all of their legal laws dictated by a single religion, and as such, their laws often prohibit certain behaviours within marriage, such as the empowerment of women, divorce or same-sex marriage (Erber & Erber, 2001). On the other hand, some religions permit even more 'liberal' views of marriage, and if these religions form the law of the land, often times it is possible find the legalization of multiple partners, or polygamy. However, polygamy often acts in favour of men, with men being allowed to take multiple wives but women not being allowed to have multiple husbands. It is clear that often a culture's views on marriage are determined by the culture's relationship with religion."

Tags:relationships, divorce, family, partners

Abstract
This paper examines the film, "Rabbit Proof Fence", which is based on the true story, "Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence," written by Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garmara. It highlights representations of aboriginality in the film and discusses the main ideas around which such representations, both negative and positive, are organized. The paper also looks at the how the film's audience is positioned.

From the Paper
"The terminology used throughout the film was relevant for its time but it is considered very racial and controversial today. The Aboriginals were often referred to by the colour of their skin. They were called "half caste" and "full blood." These terms would be unheard of today, and although the movie was set in the 1930's, hearing these words can be offensive to many people - emphasizing the viewers understanding of the Aboriginals. For example in today's organizations and policies, an Aborigine is defined as by the Federal Government as someone who: ?Is of Aboriginal descent, identifies as an Aboriginal person or is accepted by the Aboriginal community in which he or she lives in.? (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2001, Pg 27). It reinforces to the audience that they should feel sympathetic for the Aborigines."

Tags:indegenous, Moore, River, racism

Abstract
The paper introduces archaeology, and explains that the concept of dating is central to the science of archaeology. Two broad categories of dating, relative and absolute, are introduced, and four major specific types of dating are presented to the reader; stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. Each of the four methods are discussed in great detail, each with a closing paragraph devoted to the underlying problems with that particular method. For example, the section on stratigraphy begins with a brief history of the method itself, and introduces such concepts as the law of superposition, temporal sequences of data within stratified deposits, context evaluation, and determining age through the relative position of superimposed artifacts. The negatives of stratigraphy are then discussed, and include deformation, overlapping and reverse stratigraphy, and the method is evaluated on the whole. This format is then applied to the other three types of dating discussed. Finally, a concluding paragraph states that although the four types of dating discussed are infinitely valuable to archaeologists all over the world, there are still problems associated with each that need to be accounted for when using them to address the age of fossilized remains and other artifacts.

From the Paper
"Archaeology is the study of past human cultures, and archaeologists must uncover and interpret material remains in order to reconstruct past ways of life. To understand the purposes of these remains, Archaeologists have the task of constructing a chronology of prehistory, using various dating methods. "Without knowing the age of materials, little can be said about the activity that made them part of the site (David L. Webster, Susan Toby Evans & William T. Sanders, 1993: 128)." Dating is defined as the placement in time of events relative to one another or to any established scale of temporal measurement (Jeffrey S. Dean, 1981: 375). Dating methods used by Archaeologist incorporate the scientific method and have the advantages of objectification, application to isolated cultural sequences, and an expanded span of human prehistory for which an absolute chronology can be built (Keith Brannigan, 1974: 100-101). Scientific methods of dating are invaluable for the prehistoric periods and have revolutionized the archaeologists' ideas about the absolute chronology of the prehistoric culture sequence (Brannigan, 1974: 101), yet each of these scientific methods has many difficulties. Dating techniques fall into two categories relative and absolute and include the following: seriation, ceramic dating, potassium argon dating, thermoluminescence dating, archaeomagnetic dating, fission track dating, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. This paper will discuss the latter four methods, with an emphasis on the shortcomings of each."

Tags:absolute, age, archaeology, artifacts, chronology, cultures, dating, endrochronology, fossils, history, human, hydration, measurement, obsidian, past, prehistoric, radiocarbon, relative, remains, stratigraphy, temporal, time

From the Paper
"Culture in India has a peculiar association with the religious traditions of India. The dominant and archaic "faith", Hinduism, acts upon the national culture, which in turn influences the various religions, including Hinduism itself. The Bactrian Greeks, the Moghuls, and the English have all come and gone, but none have been able to fundamentally alter the relationship and influence Hinduism has on Indian culture. The values and beliefs of ancient Hindus have existed in the subcontinent since the beginning of prehistory and have tempered all religions that have been borne in or transported to India. We find almost perfect equality of women in Buddhist philosophy....Why is there such hypocrisy within these religions? Why do they advocate one thing and exercise another? "

Tags:hindu, sati, muslim, islam, tradition, religion

Abstract
Using historical evidence of cannibalism existence, this paper identifies different forms and practices, and explains the motives for such behaviors.

From the Paper
"For millions of years, the majority of humans and their ancestors around the world have eaten meat, derived from a countless number of animals. However, the majority of these people have avoided one particular kind of meat: human flesh. For a human to knowingly eat the flesh of his own kind has been taboo to the most extreme definition of the term. Even the thought of it provokes a deep-rooted, enculturated repulsiveness that is so powerful it has actually prevented modern humans from eating remains of dead people for the sole purpose of survival (Barker, Hulme, and Iversen 1998:37). In other words, they would rather die than eat the meat of another person. The general practice of eating human flesh, anthropophagy, commonly referred to as cannibalism, has always been a subject full of controversy and debate. Hundreds of scientific studies have been published on the subject, but few have focused on the anthropological reasons for its supposed occurrence. In order to understand the true nature of cannibalism, it is necessary to examine it from a number of different perspectives. First, the historical evidence indicating that it took place must be carefully analyzed and interpreted. Second, the different forms of cannibalism must be identified and defined, and examples of their historical presence must be cited. Lastly, the motives of each type need to be explained, detailing the various tendencies of cannibalistic peoples and their practices. Only then will the appropriate significance of cannibalism and its existence become clear."

Tags:ancient, anthropophagy, archaeology, cannibal, cannibalism, culture, endocannibalism, exocannibalism

Abstract
This is a research and critical review of China's one child population policy. It delves into the nature of the policy, the reasons for its implementation, the benefits and draw backs of the policy and whether it has been successful or not. The author looks at the problems with the policy with special reference to the way it effects society and proposes alternatives and solutions to the policy.

From the Paper
"The Chinese population policy is approaching its silver anniversary and the contentious nature of the strategy remains. Without question the one child per family policy has changed China's demographic landscape, but many individuals still question the success and ethical nature of the implementation. These strategies have also caused new problems that the country must address. Numerous people wonder if the positive decline of population growth can offset the negative effects of the policy."

Tags:child, china, chinese, histoy, one, policy, population, family, community, society