Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the history of Southwestern Cuisine and its impact on American cuisine and culture, as well as information on how it is prepared and on which ingredients it relies.

From the Paper
"An examination of popular cooking magazines over the past years will show that food trends come and go quickly, but the proliferation of Southwestern Cuisine shows no sign of fading; rather, its popularity has remained and is growing its influence has expanded far beyond its regional origins. Its core ingredients of vegetables, legumes, meats and grains lend themselves to a variety of interpretation, from gourmet to vegetarian when combined with the spices, chilies and cheeses native to the Southwestern region of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona."

Tags:beans, tortillas, Mexico, Tex-Mex, Arizona, Colorado, Native, Americans

Abstract
This essay first examines the modern art movement known as "land art" or Earthworks. After explaining the philosophy and techniques used by all Earthwork artists, the essay concludes by evaluating the meaning and significance of the famous Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson. This 1500 foot coil of earth, salt crystal, and rock that extends into the Great Salt Lake is the most famous work of land artist and has multiple meanings and associations that are analyzed in the paper.

From the Paper
"Earthworks, sometimes referred to as "land art," are a more recent development of modernist art, although they have their roots in thousands of years of cultural activity throughout the world. In that respect Earthworks differs from modern art movements like Impressionism and Expressionism. Stonehenge in England is an example of an ancient form of land art, and in most other nations can be found human alterations of the natural environment for symbolic or religious reasons. The Earthworks movement of the late 1960s and beyond was not the result of religious fervor or mystical devotion, but rather a grand response to art consumerism and insubstantial conceptual art (Hughes 384). Artists like Robert Smithson and Michael Hizer wanted to create huge and timeless rearrangements of the landscape that no one could ignore due to their overwhelming physical presence in the world. That is the nature of the Earthwork movement."

Tags:art, earthworks, jetty, land, robert, smithson, spiral, modern, Salt, Lake, Great

From the Paper
"Munoz begins his study using the historical contributions of the Mexican Youth Conference and the group MAM. These organizations based their philosophy of advancement and upward mobility on the need for education above the secondary level. With an advanced education, these youths would become aware of and confront the much broader issues of their people within the U.S. as a whole. All of the actions of these movements, were grounded within the context of the American myth of democracy and the virtues of capitalism'. MAM was seen by outsiders as well as those within its membership, as a democracy in action, founded upon the greater values of the dominant society. I believe that Munoz sees this as an ambiguous philosophy, one that while helpful in the advancement of the. Mexican American youth, does not benefit the population as a whole. In fact, this course of action could be seen as detrimental because it fostered the belief that the youth were hindered by the lack of inspiration and encouragement to move towards a better education. "

Tags:hispanic, mexican, munoz

Abstract
This paper discusses treatment of Native Americans' rights to their sacred sites under US Constitutional law. Three law journal articles are reviewed and utilized to form a thesis promoting the concept of communal religious rights. Historical background is provided also.

From the Paper
"The first clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof."[1] However, throughout U.S. history, the federal government has deliberately restricted and prohibited the religious practices of North America's indigenous Native Americans. Rather than confront this severe blight on the country's human rights record, the various branches of the Euro-cultured U.S. government gloss over past transgressions of First Amendment rights, even as they attempt to justify new violations of Native Americans' religious rights."

Tags:american, amendment, constitution, culture, ethnic, first, indian, law, politics, religion, sacred, sites

Abstract
This essay discusses the growing popularity and influence of tattoos in American culture over the past century. It dates back to the tattoos debut in America through the military in the late 1800's and then becoming a part of our circuses in the 1900's. This paper discusses how certain groups like feminists and sailors came to use tattoos and their variety of purposes from artistic impressions to story telling. It also discusses America's tolerance and acceptance for tattoos among the classes and genders throughout time and how this has changed. Tattooing is an art adopted by American society over 100 hundred years ago and is deeply rooted now in our culture as it has allowed us to examine and display portions of other cultures.

From the Paper
"The reasons and motives behind getting a tattoo are as varied as the designs one can create. In days past, some of the reasons may have been to show ones patriotism to his country, to show love and respect for another person or organization, to remember past events or record the places one has visited, or even to rebel against something. Today, the reasons for tattooing still include the previously mentioned points, but have expanded to include exploring other cultures, expressing ones individuality, and simply for artistic reasons. Tattooing is an important part of the "American culture" because the designs many people create draw upon so many different cultures around the globe. The American tattoo, in a sense, is like a melting pot of designs, just like America is the melting pot for all of the different cultures."

Tags:american, culture, history, tattoo, tattooing

Abstract
This paper analyzes and compares two very prominent and informative essays regarding the Metis in Western Canada which are included in the work, "From Ruperts Land to Canada". The first essay discussed is John E. Foster's "Wintering, the Outsider Adult Male and the Ethnogenesis of the Western Plains Metis" which explores the emergence of the culturally distinct Metis through a process of relationship building and trade relations. The second essay discussed is Gerhard J. Ens' "Metis Ethnicity, Personal Identity and the Development of Capitalism in the Western Interior: The Case of Johnny Grant" which focuses on the successes and failures of the Metis in economic terms, as well as how the economic situation of the Metis was a determining factor in how they viewed their true identity (European or Indian).

From the Paper
"The essay written by John E. Foster explored the emergence of the Metis as a distinct cultural group. Gerhard J. Ens took Foster's findings and explored the question of Metis identity in the economic realm. The development of a unique Metis identity was a long and complex process that took several generations to solidify. Foster sees the establishment of the Metis group as not European and not Indian in character, but something entirely different. Ens accepts Fosters theory about the emergence of the Metis people as a new culture, but states that the Metis people only embraced their unique identity in times of economic success. When the going got tough economically, the Metis were quick to downplay the uniqueness and distinctiveness of their Metis status and adopt the identy of one of the fathering cultures (Euro or Indian). When economics is not a determining factor, the Metis like Johnny Grant, recognized their special Metis identity and helped to continue the tradition of country marriage and other crucial relationships that allowed the Metis to emerge."

Tags:ethnogenesis, commis, l?homme, libre

Abstract
This paper discusses the topic of acculturation among the Cree of the Subarctic. It demonstrates that the fur trade had less of an impact on the Cree than other groups who were exposed to more direct contact with the Europeans. In the area of James Bay, acculturative processes appear to have been gradual rather than sudden and dramatic.

From the Paper
"The accounts of early missionaries and traders cannot be trusted, especially on the subject of subsistence, as they are often ambiguous and ethnocentric. Fur traders' journals overuse words such as "starve", creating misleading impressions (Black-Rogers, 1986). Analysis of these journals soon makes obvious that starving came in a number of different varieties. It is necessary to consider the context in which they were written as the intended meaning could be either literal, technical, or manipulative. In many cases, natives and their families were not starving at all. Meaning could be further confused if a trader was reporting what was actually said by a native as opposed to what he observed. It was sometimes customary in native culture to claim to be starving, in an effort to portray humbleness."

Tags:acculturation, algonquian, cree, hunting, nations, territory

Abstract
This is a very detailed examination of 10 works that discuss the goth sub-industrialized sub-culture as it relates to Montreal.

From the Paper
"Simply put, this book is an ethnographic study of a few of the subcultures in Brighton, England, circa 1995. Among the subcultures examined were Punks, Mods, Metalers, and Goths. It makes extensive use of field research, and interviews in particular, examining a total of 57 different people in thirty-eight separate interviews. Through this research, the author attempts to define subculture from the viewpoint of the members of such subcultures"

Tags:annotated, ethnography, field, goth, industrial, lifestyle, research, subculture

Abstract
This paper examines the local goth subculture in Montreal, and attempts to clarify the mood and character of the scene, while showing that media portrayals of participants have been grossly inflammatory. The paper includes interviews, photos, maps and a glossary.

Setting The Scene
Cast of Characters
On Location
The Nature of The Beast
Defining Goth
History of the Movement
The Heart of the Matter
Available Materials
Early Observations
Quiet Chats
The Fight Scene
The Aryans
The ARA
Showdown at the OK Corral
That's a Wrap

From the Paper
"Attempting to define what "Goth" is was one of the most daunting tasks I was faced with. I came up with at least as many different definitions as there were people I asked. One thing that I noticed is that within the Goth community as a whole, there are many sub-categories based on look, musical taste, political view and personality. However, there were a few common themes which ran in virtually all the many definitions of Goth that I was exposed to."

Tags:ethnography, field, goth, nightlife, observation, participant, research, subculture

Abstract
This paper focuses on how contact with Europeans and their descendants affected native populations of the Inuit in terms of introduced diseases and changes in existing patterns of trade and inter-tribal relations. It cites examples from different Inuit tribes ranging from Baffin Island in north-eastern Canada, to Alaska.

From the Paper
"Since time immemorial, the Inuit existed as some of the most isolated populations on Earth, living in some of the harshest environments imaginable. The Inuit's traditional social customs, trade patterns, and overall health and vitality all came under intense strain as a result of contact with Westerners. The individual bands' isolation proved to be fundamental to the rapid disintegration of traditional Inuit society, culture, and economics. Although the disastrous impact of European colonial exploits on the native peoples of South and Central America are well documented, Western contact and colonialism also forever changed the lives of native people half a world away in the high Arctic."

Tags:aivilingmiut, colonialism, epidemic, hudson, nuvorugmiut, sadlermiut