From the Paper
Two Ideal Cities
"Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier were both visionary architects and urban planners. Wright and Le Corbusier both hated the state of modern cities and both wished to transform the nature of cities. Wright once said, "To look at the plan of any great city is to look at the cross section of some fibrous tumor.". Their ideas on how this transformation should be achieved, however, were completely different. The solutions they found to practical problems of urban planning reflect their differing social theories and value systems.

Le Corbusier was born in Switzerland, while Wright was born in America. Both architects grew up away from the great urban centers that they ended up revolutionizing. Frank Lloyd Wright's ideal city was called the Broadacre City, and he presented the ... "

Abstract
This paper discusses the way that tomb construction developed and changed in Egypt. The paper looks at three periods - The Old Kingdom (c2780-2260 BC); Middle Kingdom (c1997 -1650 BC) and New Kingdom (1552-1069 BC) - in order to compare the methods.

From the Paper
"Because of the incredible power and authority of the king at this time, his tomb was designed to exemplify his grandeur as well as serve as the final resting-place for his body and earthly possessions. In addition, the tomb complex was also the focal point of the king's cult for ritual prayer and for worship. Unfortunately, the roles of the king's tomb proved to nullify each other; the builders tried to "hide" the king's body and possessions while at the same time allowing the public in to worship him at the same time. As a result, the whereabouts of the king's treasure were common knowledge and over time each of these tombs was stripped of everything of value, not excluding the king's corpse itself? "

Tags:architecture, bahri, chefren, cheops, dier, egypt, el, giza, hatshepsut, khafre, khufu, kingdom, menkaure, middle, mycerinus, new, old, sakkara, tomb

From the Paper
"Greek and Roman art and architecture were both innovative and distinguished by features which can be compared and contrasted. In both cultures the major trends in art and architecture were set in their respective archaic periods. However, the comparison and contrasting of both are best restrained to the more mature periods of each society.
Classical Greek art begins around the Fifth Century B.C. During this time the Greeks had consolidated their military victories by ousting the Persian invaders, reduced civil unrest by removing the old kingships and replacing them with oligarchies and democracies, and limited the mercantilism of the Greek poli or city.states (Greer 66-69). In terms of art and architecture, however, it should be remembered that Greek art was largely commissioned by the demos of relatively small cities (...)"

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine Le Corbusier's views in The City of To-Morrow and Its Planning. The plan of the research will be to discuss Le Corbusier's attitudes and biases regarding such issues as the appropriate means and concepts employed in the well-conceived creation and construction of buildings and other facilities in urban centers, with a view toward evaluating their content and significance.

Le Corbusier's principal focus in The City of To-Morrow and Its Planning is on the necessity for the urban architecture of the twentieth century to behave functionally and logically, in line with the fact that in the current period the machine and industry are decisively triumphant and that they reflect man's passion for order and manageability in an otherwise chaotic world. Additionally, Le Corbusier conceives of an urban ... "

Abstract
This paper analyzes the city structures of the Roman empire. The author gives a detailed explanation of the structure and functions of the roads, forums, aqueducts and baths that were used for social, religious and commercial activities.

From the Paper
"The discipline of engineering was very close to that of architecture in the Roman World. Roman architecture was a social art that gave the people of the Roman Empire benefits that no community had ever achieved before. Innovative city planning in the Roman Empire excelled in the creation of roads, forums, aqueducts and baths."

Tags:architecture, etruscan, roman, town, trajan, military, structure, society, empire

Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the birth of the Italian Renaissance. The writer maintains that that the Renaissance came about due to three principle causes: the development of Humanism, the unique organization of the Republican city-state, and the new conception of the artist as a respected creator. The writer specifically argues that the Renaissance developed first in the city of Florence, growing out of a major expansion in classical interest, the unique position of the Florentine city-state, and the new concept of the artist as a respected creator. Brunelleschi's dome is examined as a major Florentine feat during the proto or early Renaissance.

From the Paper
"For the first time since the medieval period, human values and interests came to the fore. The religious orthodoxy of the dark ages were giving way to an enlightened form of thinking that has come to shape the way we view the world today. This is not to suggest that the Renaissance was a period of secularization. Indeed, religious mores and values were still deeply rooted in the every day lives of Europeans. What the Renaissance allowed was a competing voice in European social fabric, an opportunity to explore human and secular interests - including the arts for self and religious glorification - on an unprecedented scale. Paul Walker observes that the Renaissance was more than a rebirth of ancient learning; it was also a first birth ..."

Tags:Florence, Renaissance, Italy, artist, Brunelleschi

Abstract
This paper is a comparison between ancient Egyptian culture and more modern cultures. Comparisons are made with respect to the arts, architecture, cultural tradition, agriculture, art, religion, language, and several other areas.

From the Paper
"Ancient Egyptian religion, though it was quite different from that of modern religion, has proven to be quite influential on modern society. Dating back as far as the fifth millennia BC, the period which was characterized by the development of the calender. The calender was important to religion because it was based on the documentation of religious feasts.1 The calendar eventually evolved into its present form but it was the early Egyptian version that became the basis of documenting time. The Egyptians, much like other cultures, believed in the existence of higher beings(Gods of the earth, air, and heavens).2 Much like the Egyptians, most modern day religions are all based on the worship of a spiritual presence, giving reason to believe that the study of Egyptian religion is what has influenced the worship of other God's throughout history. Another point to make about the influence of Egyptian religion is that religion was the central part of their lives for the most part,3 much like the way it is for people of the church and monks today. Other aspects of ancient Egyptian religion that can be viewed as influential could be the fact that they worshiped in temples,4 comparable to the churches and temples of today. A final point of interest with respect to ancient Egyptian religion is that they Visutskie 3 actually dealt with the idea of death and resurrection thousands of years before the Christians did with Jesus Christ. Egyptians actually celebrated the feast of Easter with the death, burial, and disappearance of their King, Osiris, on a Friday, and to celebrate his resurrection three days later, on the Sunday. The Christian celebration of Easter is, in fact, an exact replica of the Egyptian Easter with respect to time, details, theme, and objective.5 Aside from religion, perhaps the most influential part of Egyptian culture on modern culture is that of the architecture."

Tags:agriculture, art, comparison, culture, language, pharoah, pyramid, religion, tomb

Abstract
This paper examines the history behind the Great Wall of China and how the original construction of the wall was essentially nothing more than bricks, wood, grass and packed earth and how its simple structure changed very little over the next many centuries. It also discusses how
more than 2000 years after its construction, the Great Wall is still seen by the Chinese as not only an everlasting testament of the industriousness of its people, but also an overwhelming and almost mystical symbol.

From the Paper
"The Great Wall played a large part in all of the early dynasties of China, but its origin can be traced back to 221 B.C. After the western state of Qin subjugated and united seven states that had been at war since the 5th century, subsequently forming China, the ruler of Qin declared himself the first Emperor of China (Dalin 15). He gave himself the name Qin She Huangdi, which, conveniently enough, means 'First Emperor' in Chinese. One of Qin's first orders once in power was for all peasants, prisoners, and anyone else available to begin construction of a massive wall ("The Great Wall of China", screen 1). What would become the Great Wall was, in actuality, several very small already-standing fortification walls connected (Dalin 15). These smaller walls had been built by past dynasties, with the same reasons in mind as those that would years later prompt the erecting of the Great Wall."

Tags:dynasties, wonders, world, qin

Abstract
This paper examines the various aspects of the Tugendhat House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and compares them to Mies' other works. The house's architecture, layout, location and materials are analyzed and evaluated against the architect's style and not against the style of others. The paper offers pictures of the Tugendhat House to illustrate the architecture.

From the Paper
"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe has created numerous buildings with his own unique and distinct styles; the Tugendhat House is one of these buildings. Grete and Fritz Tugendhat, descendents of wealthy Jewish industrialists in Brno, Germany (now, Brno, Czech Republic), commissioned the construction of the building in the late 1920s. Some of the structure's themes may be found in works done by Le Corbusier, Schinkel, and Mies himself. Throughout the building, it is evident that great stress and preparation went into project, whether it be the location, the facade, the plan, or the material the Tugendhat House a revolutionary concept that rejects traditional arrangements of the interior and promotes simplicity throughout."

Tags:design, building, construction

Abstract
This paper examines the design and layout of the Tugendhat House, built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for Grete and Fritz Tugendhat in the 1920's. It looks at how some of the structure's themes may be found in works done by Le Corbusier, Schinkel and Mies himself and how, throughout the building, it is evident that great stress and preparation went into project, whether it be the location, the facade, the plan, or the material. It explores how the Tugendhat House a revolutionary concept that rejects traditional arrangements of the interior and promotes simplicity throughout.

From the Paper
"The centre stage of the main floor is occupied by an enormous open space that contains the living and dining room. Though a semi-circular wood veneer wall pronounced the dining area, the general space is open and not or-ganized or categorized by the use of dividing walls, but more by the placement of the furniture, which Mies himself designed specifically for the residence. In accordance with so many of Mies' works, such as the Barcelona Pavilion and the Toronto Dominion Centre, a single spot from which an ob-server may embrace the structures and dimensions does not exist. For that reason, the house begs you to wander through it, to discover it and its se-crets."

Tags:ludwig, mies