Abstract
This paper examines how architecture is inseparable from its social purpose and from its environmental setting. This concept is demonstrated through first examining the function of architecture and how the impact of a specific function directly impacts those who come in contact with a given building, and then by describing how the building impacts the local environment.

Tags:architecture, impacts, society

Abstract
What now seems repetitive was once radically innovative when architects, such as Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier, attempted to reshape the urban metropolis in order to reflect the aesthetic principles of an industrial, democratic age. This paper will examine the achievements of the three architects noted above. Their works will be examined with respect to both theory and practice. It will be argued that, while their legacy in the field of architecture remains controversial to this day, their contributions to the establishment of the International Style fundamentally altered the landscape of the modern city.

Abstract
An analysis of Calatrava's works as an entirety, based on his major ideas, the nature of his works, his clients, culture, origin and development, thematic progression, the values represented, and legacy of the architect to modern architecture. Calatrava is one of Spain's most celebrated architects. The paper includes some pictures of his designs.

From the Paper
"Calatrava's implemented his innovative and original ideas through his many works. The major concepts of Calatrava's design are found in his bridges and buildings. His importance in the community of European architects can hardly be overstated, yet he rarely designs a fully enclosed building; his works are generally open structures. Calatrava's dual capacity as an engineer and an architect allows him to capture the creative and structural aspects of both disciplines. His engineering skills enable him to apply his ideas to his architecture with greater ease. The sculptural surfaces and unusual spaces that are born of this marriage of disciplines give Calatrava an unmistakable and easily identifiable style. He dismisses the apathy involved in accepted architectural form."

Tags:europe, building, art, bridge, madrid, barcelona

Abstract
This paper explains that Walter Gropius applied classical architectural techniques to design theory, believing that there is no essential difference between the artist and the craftsman. Thereby, he introduced a completely new set of design principles called Bauhaus to art and crafts. The author points out that, though the Bauhaus movement was inspired by Cubism and Minimalism in design, it was still a unique, revolutionary movement. Some of the key features of this movement included less emphasis on detail and more on economic use of space. The paper relates that Bauhaus popularized functional design, a technique that focused specifically on the major functions of everything, including buildings, textiles, tables, and lamps to make them more easily accessible and usable. Color illustrations.

From the Paper
"Bauhaus artists included such prominent names as Mies van der Rohe, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky and Oskar Schlemmer, who are responsible for bringing dramatic changes in the field of art and design. It is commonly believed that every change in design after the Bauhaus movement is inspired by the principles and techniques of this style. It can be rightly called the mother of all design movements in 20th century because till this day, we can see the impact of Bauhaus in the field of arts, architecture and crafts."

Tags:textiles, functional, buildings, crafts, minimalism

Abstract
A paper which discusses the different movements in architectural history and compares the differences between them. The paper shows how among these movements, modernism is the most popular and how it has influenced art and architecture in the United States and Europe. It shows, on the other hand, that pre-modernism is a less popular era in which architecture was influenced by the industrial age and its need for order and precision, and that Post-modernism was the movement that followed modernism and contains elements of both classicism and modernism.

From the Paper
"During the modernism movement, architects started using steel and iron more in their designs and they also started focusing on functional designs. Apart from the use of steel and iron, concrete was also brought back to the architectural world. It is important to know here that concrete is one thing that sets late 19th century buildings from pre-modernism architectural designs. While concrete was first used by the Romans in 5 B.C., it was later taken over by other materials such as marble, stone, brick etc. Modernists are responsible for the revival of concrete in architecture."

Tags:Industrial, Age, The, City, Gothic, Style, form, and, design, Frank, Lloyd, Wright, Louis, Sullivan, Richard, Neutra, Rudolph, Schindler, William, Lescaz

Abstract
This paper looks at the importance of mall architecture vis-a-vis the anchor stores, the effect that these anchor stores have on other stores and several of the ways in which the physical design of malls tends to manipulate the behavior of shoppers in those malls.

From the Paper
"Most of us have probably never thought a great deal about the ways in which the typical shopping mall, such as the Galleria, is laid out. We all know that there are anchor stores that are at the psychological (although not geometric) "corners" of the mall, and that in between these anchors are smaller, more specialized stores, most of them selling clothes, make-up and jewelry, with the second most important category of merchandise being items that are sold for the purpose of entertainment, including books and CDs and other forms of recorded music. The third most important single category of stores/merchandise at a typical mall (and the Galleria is in no important way substantially atypical in terms of the ways in which architecture is designed to lead to an increased degree of both the desire to consume and the actual process of consumption itself) is that of the restaurant. "

Tags:mall, shop, design, outlay, construction, architecture

Abstract
Discusses the history and aims of this movement. The Bauhaus and work of architect Gropius as a response to German industrialization and commerical standardization. Ideology of this New Architecture. Need for artists or architects to recognize their obligation to the community. The German Craft Association. Life, work and influence of Gropius.

From the Paper
"Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus

In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Deutscher Werkbund or German Craft Association was formed with the expressed aim of improving the aesthetic quality of manufactured goods and industrial architecture while producing both less expensively (Adams, p. 477). The creation of this Association was very much a response to two complementary pressures. On the one hand, Germany was undergoing a period of rapid industrial development in which the factory and the machine were replacing the cottage and the craftsman s hands as the locus and source of production. On the other hand, a sense that many of the machine-made products and machine-serving buildings and other structures were of less aesthetic quality (and greater cost) than was desirable was also emerging."

Abstract
This paper looks at the Bauhaus architectural movement and its relationship to the massive technological advances of the early twentieth century. It examines the philosophical beliefs of the Bauhaus founders and evaluates their finest achievement, the Dessau Bauhaus, which was completed in 1925. It explains how the Dessau Bauhaus achieved its celebrated status in the world of architecture.

From the Paper
"In the late the 19th and early twentieth century technological advances swept across the world with an undreamed of speed. The pace at which technology reinvented culture seemed almost preternatural, and amounted to the greatest alteration in man's view of the universe since Isaac Newton (Hughes 15). The study of the modern age (1880-present) and how artistic developments viewed cultural change would not be complete without a look at architecture's role. The work of an architect will by its nature influence society more than a painting and sculpture; its size and usefulness to people make that a certainty. Buildings surround us, we move through them, and they are part of our everyday life."

Tags:architecture, art, Bauhuas, dessau, modern, technology, twentieth, century

Abstract
This paper looks at 'green design' and how environmentally-conscious building is now becoming the new trend in architecture and design in America and spreading to China. The paper explains that Europe has had this form of development for many years because energy costs are so much higher there, but America is starting to catch on and is turning 'green.'

From the Paper
"'Green design' is gradually working its way into the Architecture community's consciousness and environmentally-conscious design is becoming less an option and more a requirement in the design business (Weeks). Much of the success of the movement in the United States is due to the efforts of the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) and their Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Rating System, which provides certification to validate green initiatives by designers and gives clients a selling point. LEED does not only influence building standards..."

Tags:green design LEED, USGBC

Abstract
This paper examines the various aspects of the Tugendhat House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and compares them to Mies' other works. The house's architecture, layout, location and materials are analyzed and evaluated against the architect's style and not against the style of others. The paper offers pictures of the Tugendhat House to illustrate the architecture.

From the Paper
"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe has created numerous buildings with his own unique and distinct styles; the Tugendhat House is one of these buildings. Grete and Fritz Tugendhat, descendents of wealthy Jewish industrialists in Brno, Germany (now, Brno, Czech Republic), commissioned the construction of the building in the late 1920s. Some of the structure's themes may be found in works done by Le Corbusier, Schinkel, and Mies himself. Throughout the building, it is evident that great stress and preparation went into project, whether it be the location, the facade, the plan, or the material the Tugendhat House a revolutionary concept that rejects traditional arrangements of the interior and promotes simplicity throughout."

Tags:design, building, construction