Abstract
This paper describes an experiment, which stimulates the hearts of Daphnia by using caffeine, nicotine, epinephrine, ethyl, a diluted salt solution and various pH 10 solutions. The author reports measuring the heart rates of the Daphnia and discusses the changes in heart rate for each of the stimuli.

Table of Contents:
Materials and Methods
Result Analysis
Discussion
Graphs

From the Paper
"Giving Nicotine to the second Daphnia, caused a drop in its heart rate (graph 2). Since nicotine is a widely used drug which is a depressant, it lowers the beating of the Daphnia heart. The Daphnia that acquired epinephrine, experienced a jump in heart rate (graph 3). Epinephrine, otherwise know as adrenaline, is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It stimulates autonomic nerve action, which is why a rise is heart rate was observed."

Tags:control adrenaline survival, acid polluted, microscope

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that animal abuse, including the abuse of dogs, is unfortunately not an uncommon event in North America. The writer discusses that the abuse of dogs can occur in a variety of ways, including dog owners who abuse their own dogs physically and emotionally, individuals who maliciously attack other people's dogs, and dogs that are abused through the pursuit and pleasure of sports such as dog racing or dog fighting. The writer points out that while the suffering of animals is cause enough to understand why animal cruelty is a horrible crime, research has also linked the abuse of animals to human violence. Individuals who are abusive towards animals during their childhood, and indeed throughout their life, have been found by researchers to be far more likely to commit violent crimes against other humans in their adulthood. The writer concludes that animal cruelty is a topic of great concern, especially the abuse of dogs who are highly valued animals within North American society.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the saddest form of dog abuse is that which occurs within a dog's own human family. Although most dogs are brought into homes to be a loving and caring addition to the family, not all dogs are afforded the same kind of returned love and care from their owners. Perhaps the most common form of cruelty directed to dogs is neglect. Often families adopt dogs without fully understanding the time commitment and responsibilities associated with raising and training a dog. As a result, the dog may become neglected and ignored by the family, not receiving the necessary exercise or socialization that it needs to become a well adjusted adult canine. Often times these dogs end up being handed over to humane societies, such as the HSUS, where they are either put up for adoption, or if there is no available home for them, they are often put to sleep. Of all the abuse directed at animals, and especially dogs, neglect is possibly the easiest to understand or to forgive. Unfortunately, many dog owners are maliciously cruel to their dogs through physical abuse."

Tags:abuse, harmful, neglect, suffering

Abstract
This paper explains that philosopher Donna Jeanne Haraway draws from the tradition of Louis Althusser and Martin Heidegger to develop her hypotheses outlining the nature of the interspecies relationship between people and animal or "hailing". As interpreted by Althusser and Heidegger, the author relates that "hail", which is from the archaic word interpellate, is given an additional meaning by Haraway. Based on Haraway's work, the paper concludes that the "hailing" of animals call people to account for the way they affect the lives of animals, and the "hailing" of people call animals to a close, inseparable, interspecies relationship bound within the structure of human society.

From the Paper
"Haraway adds to these two meanings of hail a third, the more conventional meaning of interpellation. Animals hail people to "account for the regimes in which they and we must live", and by doing so, they challenge people to justify the practices of society which create the circumstances of life that animals and people must live in. The effect of the hail is threefold: firstly, humans hail animals, creating a subject out of animals by the hail, bringing animals into our social discourse of power."

Tags:interpellate, primatology, relationships, political, narrative

Abstract
This paper discusses blood glucose and analyzes an experiment, which was conducted to determine the effects of hormones on blood glucose. This paper describes how the experiment was conducted, the materials and methods used, and then discusses and analyzes the results and findings from the experiment. This paper includes charts, graphs, and illustrations that correspond with the data.

From the Paper
"Blood glucose (sometimes inaccurately referred to as blood sugar) (Randall et al, 2002), is a measurement of the concentration of glucose in mammalian blood. Glucose is the most vital and direct source of energy for all living organisms, and it is required by virtually all cells all the time. This constant need is satisfied by an efficient system to transport sugar in the blood, via a complex network of hormones and neurotransmitters (Lodish et al, 2004). Thus, the important task of glucose regulation and distribution throughout the body is under the control of numerous chemical messengers. The most common method of studying their functions and interactions is by analyzing the blood glucose levels. This measurement is considered an indicator of the current net result of the hormones' actions relative to each other. A more practical approach is to inject a single hormone and observe its influence on blood glucose. In this experiment, three hormones were investigated using this method: insulin, glucagon and epinephrine (Animal Physiology I Laboratory Manual, Lab 7). Rabbits were chosen as subjects because they are physiologically similar in physiology to humans. Therefore, many of the results and ensuing conclusions of this experiment can be reliably applied to humans."

Tags:hormones science blood glucose chemicals, lab reports

Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the evolutionary development of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, sensory, and integumentary systems of phylum chordata. Comparisons between the systems various classes of phylum chordata are made, and the evolutionary advantages of the higher classes are highlighted. The paper is also accompanied with relevant diagrams and figures.

Outline:
Circulatory System
Evolution of the Heart
Piscine Heart
Amphibian and Reptilian Hearts
Avian and Mammalian Hearts
Respiratory System
Respiration in Agnatha and Chondrichthyes (Gills)
Respiration in Osteichthyes (Gills)
Respiration in Amphibians (Gills, Skin, Lungs)
Respiration in Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals (Lungs)
Digestive System
General Trends in Evolution of the Digestive System
Ruminant Stomach
Avian Gizzard
Sensory System
Usage of Olfactory System and Usage of Visual System
Prevertebrates: An Introduction
Anamniotes
Amniotes
Integumentary System
Anamniotes
Amniotes

From the Paper
"One of the most fascinating developments made by the vertebrates was the heart. The complex and efficient four-chambered pumping mechanism possessed by mammals and birds evolved from what was only a muscular artery in protochordates. The heart itself is a specialized muscle responsible for circulating blood through the blood-vascular network. Marine protochordates possessed little more than a muscular region near the base of the aorta because, virtually anywhere on their bodies, they were capable of exchanging O2 and CO2 through their relatively thin skin. When scales and thicker skin emerged, however, this capability was lost, and respiration was localized in the pharyngeal region. An effective pumping device was required, and thus, the heart evolved."

Tags:integument, circulation, sensory, system, respiration

Abstract
The introduction of this paper is concerned mainly with the average human misconceptions of the Great White Shark. Then, a basic description of the shark and its hunting techniques is given. After that, several valid points are made in defense of the Great White in an attempt to prove that it is not really a man killer. The closing features a description of the dangers humans pose to the ecosystem of the great white, and asks for people to reconsider their opinion of this great predator.

From the Paper
"Mention the words "Great White Shark," and immediately people conjure up images of the carnage in movies such as "Jaws." These underwater predators have been given the title of "man-killer" and are rarely thought of as anything other than primitive, savage beasts. Perhaps the human desire for entertainment and horror prevents the real truth about these extremely interesting creatures from being common knowledge. Indeed, Great White Sharks are misunderstood, wrongfully labeled and undeserving of their dark reputation."

Tags:fish, hunter, ocean, predator, protection, water

Abstract
This paper uses evidence from ten different sources to analyze the hypothesis that honeybees can communicate the relative distance, direction and even the quality of the food source from their hive to their colleagues with their unique "dance language." This paper also examines alternative explanations and possibilities for the evidences.

Outline
Hypothesis
Evidence
Alternatives
Possibilities
Summary

From the Paper
"Even with the overwhelming contradicting evidences to Frisch's original experiments, his original hypothesis of honeybees using forms of "dances" (dance language) to communicate the distance, direction, and quality of food sources is still true. The dances never had to be 100% accurate nor reliable for it to be considered true-even we (humans) make mistakes with our languages. For example, if you forgot someone's directions, does that disprove the fact someone communicated to you the directions using a language in the first place? There is no way to proof whether the bees that did not locate the resources just chose not to (which brings up more questions), or maybe just have forgotten the information-they do have very small brains!"

Tags:frisch, hive, colonies, tail

Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological makeup of the frog and then describes the nature of an experiment that examines the physiological processes involved in muscle contraction in frogs. The paper first descrbes the materials and methods of the experiment and then gives a detailed analysis of the results, including corresponding graphs, charts, and figures to illustrate the data.

From the Paper
"Moreover, looking at Figure 3, at an interval of 20 ms, the muscle has not even gone through one contraction before being re-stimulated, whereas by 400 ms it has already gone through several contraction-relaxation cycles, and might be showing signs of fatigue. However, Figure 4 actually shows a slight increase in the maximum force between 200 and 400 ms. This is likely due to the fact that at 200 ms, the fibre had just completed one cycle and was in a refractory period, whereas by 400 ms, any refractory period was significantly weaker (Suzuki, et al. 2004). Evidently, muscle fatigue is not a major factor until 500 ms (see Figure 5), leaving refractory periods as the main detriment of contraction force before that time period. At the same time, the physiological significance of the gastrocnemius must be considered (Animal Physiology I Laboratory Manual, Lab 5). Since it is a heavily used, and extremely powerful muscle, the time at which it achieves (and sustains) its maximum force is one of the longest. Most vertebrate skeletal muscles would begin to fatigue earlier than 500 ms (Edman et al, 2002)."

Tags:experiment, physiological processes, skeletal muscle, frogs neuromuscular nerves

Abstract
This paper states that, in a resource based economy, fish are a precious commodity and are in high demand. The author explains that commercial fishing, hydroelectric dams and habitat destruction have left salmon stalks threatened and killed. The paper discusses that the introduction of farmed fish has become a problem as they out-compete wild salmon stalk in the struggle for survival.

From the Paper
"Solutions are mentioned in the video, such as, engaging in selective fishing methods which in turn will promote more jobs, fish, and revenue. This is one of the things that need to be done, but not enough solutions are mentioned in the video. A few good examples of these solutions are currently being met in the states. To decrease the rate at which the salmon population is falling, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service yearly deposits billions of young salmon and eggs into natural breeding grounds."

Tags:resource, economy, fish, precious, commodity, commercial, dams

Abstract
This paper summarizes the argument against drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge on the basis of damage that would be caused to the environment and the wildlife inhabiting the region. The topic is connected to the events of September 11th which nearly allowed the Republicans to push through an emergency Energy Security Bill, allowing for the extraction of oil from the ANWR.

From the Paper
"In the past 10 months many people have claimed that the world as we knew it a year ago has been profoundly and irreversibly transformed with the events of September 11th, 2001. Others have attacked these claims as being yet another example of American ethnocentrism and egocentricity: the world has not changed, the USA simply got a taste of reality. However, whether the United States was living in a sheltered state of denial in which true poverty, destruction and war never found a home on its shores, or whether the world truly has changed entirely, is a subject for a different debate and a different paper."

Tags:11th, alaska, anwr, bush, caribou, crisis, energy, environment, fuel, george, iraq, national, oil, politics, pollution, porcupine, september, herd