Abstract
The paper discusses how Canada is a country that may be seen either as rich in diversity, or as challenged by diversity. Whatever one's take, the paper contends that the truth is that the country is as diverse as it is large. In this essay, it is argued that although this results in intense challenges to Canada's existence as a single, unified nation, it nevertheless remains true that Canada is a viable nation-building project. The paper maintains that despite diversity and despite various claims to distinctness, Canada maintains its integrity as a single, unified nation, with a discernible national identity that is unlike any other.

Tags:canada, nationalism, grant

Abstract
This paper examines the future of Quebecois nationalism and Canadian federalism. It focuses on the rise of contemporary Quebecois nationalism and proposes asymmetrical federalism as the solution to preserve the Canadian union.

Abstract
This paper discusses that self-government is a political, economic, cultural, and environmental matter. The writer points out that it is a project because it is an attempt, it takes place in stages and is meant as reconciliation. The writer notes that for example, the First Nations Governance Act of 2002 was a step to self-government and was intended to reform the Indian Act. The writer maintains that self-government is the only way to overcome the effects of the Indian Act.

From the Paper
"Native people have always had the worst problems in Canada, but no resources to solve them. The problems include poor health, lack of education, unemployment, alcohol and substance abuse, high rates of criminal convictions and child and teen pregnancies. Even greater problems for Native peoples were caused by government interference so that they had little control over their own economy. They could not govern themselves, settle land disputes, or have fair decisions about use of resources. The Indian Act and race-based rights backfired, causing discrimination and preventing Natives from having equality with other Canadians."

Tags:project, control, equality

Abstract
The paper discusses the recent suggestion by a black university professor in Toronto that a special school for just for black students is necessary to combat inherent racism is the inevitable result of well-intentioned but ineptly managed multicultural policy. The paper contends that the idea that racism could be lessened by a segregated educational system is perhaps the ultimate example of what is wrong with the current culture. The paper maintains that Canada has become more a Babel of ethnocentric, solipsistic and racist enclaves, pampered by a guilty white liberal elite, than a truly multicultural or liberal community.

Tags:ethnocentrism, multiculturalism, canada

Abstract
The paper discusses notions of equality as they relate to aboriginal peoples in Canada. The paper examines a dominating group favored in distributive notions of equality and takes the approach of a corollary view, in the exploration of the disadvantaged Aboriginal population of Canada. The paper notes that "equality" itself has a complex range of meanings. The paper divides this discussion into two parts, dealing with values and potential equality in that realm, and further discussing asset equality, factoring in both goods and services. The paper deals initially with a values-based discussion and follows with an examination of asset equality.

From the Paper
"Another acutely relevant area for aboriginals is equality within the realm of justice. In his theory of justice, Rawls discusses intrinsic worth: the denial that the loss of freedom for some can be made right by invoking the justification of a greater good. The Innu tradition of leaving the elderly behind with weapons to fend for themselves (when no longer able to maintain the pace of the family's hunting expeditions) would seem to be in direct contrast to that which Rawls considers intrinsic. In terms of Rawls' principles of justice, this would hardly be "to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged."

Tags:justice, hunting, expeditions, 'asset, distribution, differential, treatment, evolutionary, process, loss, of, freedom

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the idea of diversity within Canada is a hot topic issue, which has been highly criticized and advocated. The writer notes that the articles "The Myth of Canadian Diversity" and "Marginalization" both show two different viewpoints on multiculturalism in Canada and express them using two different styles of argument. The writer explains that "The Myth of Canadian Diversity" argues that the diversity people believe exists in Canada, caused by the large immigrant population arriving in Canada every year, is actually untrue because immigrants assimilate very quickly, creating a homogeneous Canadian society. The paper then discusses Neil Bissoondath work, which argues that Canada's multiculturalism policy actually leads to the alienation of different cultures. The writer maintains that both of these viewpoints also display different styles in presenting and validating an argument.

From the Paper
"The article The Myth of Canadian Diversity discusses the myths that Canadians hold about their country. Canadians believe that Canada is a young country, that Canada has a small population and therefore is small economically, and that the diversity in Canada makes the country difficult to govern. The argument made by the author is that although Canada does have many diverse people coming into the country they quickly assimilate. The arguments made are heavily supported by facts and expert opinion, in this way the argument appeals to the reader's common sense. The two Canadian myths regarding the age of the country and the small population creating a small economy are disputed by the fact that most countries came into existence after Canada, have smaller populations, and are actually economically weaker then Canada, which ranks seventh in the world."

Tags:immigrant, population, assimilation, equals

Abstract
This essay argues that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it is argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, the writer begins with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy.

From the Paper
"A policy of multiculturalism within a bilingual framework commends itself to the Government as the most suitable means of assuring the cultural freedom of Canadians "A vigorous policy of multiculturalism will help form the base of a society which is based on fair play for all." (Pierre Trudeau, 1971 qtd in Multiculturalism and the Government of Canada 1) It has been thirty years since Prime Minister Trudeau announced this multiculturalism policy. During these twenty years, not only Canada, but also other nations that have adopted the policy of multiculturalism have experienced both challenges to and support of multiculturalism from diverse groups. Social issues emerging from multiculturalism have become more and more complex. In nations like Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and Spain, liberal democracy coexists with multiculturalism and questions arise concerning these two principles: how does multiculturalism fit into liberal democratic society? Does the principle of multiculturalism support liberal democracy or undermine it? More specifically, what aspects of multiculturalism affect liberal democracy and how? This essay will argue that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it will be argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, I will begin with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy."

Tags:collective, equality, freedom, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the conflict between English and French Canadians as a key element of Canadian history. While the focus of the paper examines the years 1760 - 1867, a general discussion of events leading to the fall of New France is relevant and is included. The paper contends that French and English conflict in the new world, specifically in what is now officially Canada, has a long and volatile history, dating back to the emergence of an English fur trade in what is now known as the Hudson's Bay. The paper traces the nature of this conflict, roughly from the fall of New France to the English through to Canadian Confederation in 1867. Included in this discussion of the English - French conflict is the fur trade, the treaty of Utrecht, the lower Canadian rebellions and the Quebec Act.

From the Paper
"Tensions between New France and the English colonies on the North American continent began to escalate when King Charles II gave the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights and property ownership to Rupert's Land. This vast area included all the lands within the area drained by the rivers flowing into both Hudson and James Bays.1 This tension became open conflict, punctuated with several cease-fires, between 1689 and the fall of New France in 1760. Even in the post conquest era, conflict continued between English Canadians and French Canadians. In the twenty-first century contemporary Canadian politicians grapple with the issue of Quebec sovereignty."

Tags:fur, hudson, quebec, rebellions, utrecht

Abstract
Canada's policies on Gay and Lesbian rights are direct examples of canada's cultural policies, which fit in under the greater heading of multiculturalism. The paper discusses the history of multiculturalism policy, the history of gay and lesbian rights in Canada, and concludes by stating what Canada's policies say about the role of the state in Canada.

From the Paper
"Multicultural policy issues concerning French-English relations and Aboriginal policy have continued to make the political agenda since the introduction of multicultural policy in Canada. There have been issues of Quebec separatism and Aboriginal groups continue to launch land claims and fight for self-government. However, for the purposes of this paper, a more recent and current multiculturalism policy will be discussed. Sexual orientation policy, and more specifically, same-sex marriage policy, is a topic on the current Government's political agenda (Brooks, 1998). The issue is a matter of whether or not same-sex couples should be allowed to enter into legally recognized marriages, and more broadly, what the government's role in marriage should be. The topic has been brought to the political agenda through a number of methods, including pressure from interested lobby groups, international policies of western European countries, and most importantly, rulings of the Canadian judiciary. Recent court rulings have essentially forced the Federal government to examine the issue of same-sex marriage. In 1998, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M.v.H. that the Ontario Family Law Act's definition of spouse was in violation of s.15 of the Charter by not including same-sex partners. The Court changed the definition of spouse in the Ontario FLA to include same-sex partners and urged governments across the nation to update all legislation concerning the definition of "spouse" in order to avoid litigation and similar rulings (Sanders, 1994). As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling, the Government introduced Bill C-23, the Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Bill that changed the definition of spouse to include same-sex common law partners. In July of 2002, the Ontario Superior court ruled in "the Banns" case that the restriction of marriage to heterosexual couples was in violation of the Charter and declared 2 same-sex marriages performed at Toronto's MCC to be legal. The Ontario government passed on appealing the decision stating that marriage fell under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government and therefore, only the federal government could decide who can marry. The Federal Government requested a delay in submitting an appeal on the case in order to examine the issue further. In November of 2002, the Justice Minister submitted a discussion paper on the issue of Marriage and the legal recognition of same-sex unions, in which he outlined four possible solutions that the government could take on the issue."

Tags:analysis, gay, lesbian, pluralism, policy, public, radical, rights, statism

Abstract
Canada is internationally recognized as a culturally diverse nation that emphasizes the concept of "The Mosaic." No other country in the world encompasses inhabitants from so many different backgrounds who exhibit strong loyalty towards Canada, while still preserving their cultural heritage. This is contrasted to the American ideal of the "Melting Pot," which attempts to shape all of their citizens into a set mold. Canada's philosophy is believed to be more effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbors. The following discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, and analyzes the impact of the structures on each country's society.

From the Paper
"Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and work together in harmony. Over the past 150 years, more than 14 million people have immigrated to Canada, with 16% of the 30 million citizens being first-generation immigrants. The Government of Canada is committed to a policy of diversity designed to preserve and enhance the multicultural heritage of Canadians, while striving to achieve equality in the economic, social, cultural and political aspects of Canada. In 1991, the Department of Multiculturalism and Citizenship conducted a survey, which revealed high levels of Canadian values and identity. Six out of ten interviewees portrayed a "deep emotional attachment to Canada" and 95% believe they can be proud of being a citizen and of their ancestry simultaneously. As a nation, Canada is continually becoming more diverse in its practices, which requires residents to expand their knowledge and appreciate other cultures."

Tags:americans, ancestry, canadian, citizen, country, culture, democratic, diversification, ethics, foreign, globalization, government, heritage, identity, canada