Abstract
The paper looks at racism in the book "Stones" by William Bell and presents the Canadian treatment of slaves from Haiti during the 1800's. It also gives a present perspective on the problem by analyzing this years NBA's MVP and the controversy it sparked by choosing Steve Nash.

From the Paper
"Reverse discrimination is also part of this much larger issue. This type of discrimination is very contemporaneous and it is usually toward black people, although other discriminated people could "benefit" from it like Jews or Japanese and even immigrants. In the book we learn that Hannah was suspected of witchcraft, but when Garnet and Raphaella met her, they assumed from the beginning she was not guilty and that she was made a "martyr". However, if we analyze the book more in detail, we find that Hannah and her husband, Jubal, did not give up their fait and thus they were not buried in the Methodist Church graveyard."

Tags:ontario, steve, nash, haiti

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the hundreds of ways that Canadian women contributed to the war effort during the Second World War. The paper discusses the Canadian Women's Auxiliary Corps (CWAC), the Women's Division of the Royal Canadian Airforce (RCAF), the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, the Canadian Red Cross Corps and the nurses in the armed forces. The paper portrays the variety of jobs Canadian women did during the Second World War and contends that the Allies could not have won the war without their help.

From the Paper
"When people think about the Second World War they think about the men who lost their lives in battle and the Jews and other minorities who died in the Holocaust. They think about the Germans, versus the Allies, Hitler and Churchill, and Guns, bombs and maybe even a naval battle. Rarely do thoughts of the Second World War bring to mind images of women. When people think about the Allied victory and the factors that allowed the Allies to win rarely are women remembered. Canadian women, living in a country not directly affected by the war are often forgotten. The Canadian women however did not just stay at home and wait for their men to come home. They too wanted to see an end to this war and they too helped with the war effort. There were many options available to Canadian women, and over a million women signed up to help in any way they could. These women made a significant difference not only to their own country but to other allied nations as well. The Allies could not have won the Second World War without the efforts of Canadian women."

Tags:Red, Cross, CWAC, RCAF, nurses

Abstract
This paper focuses on how contact with Europeans and their descendants affected native populations of the Inuit in terms of introduced diseases and changes in existing patterns of trade and inter-tribal relations. It cites examples from different Inuit tribes ranging from Baffin Island in north-eastern Canada, to Alaska.

From the Paper
"Since time immemorial, the Inuit existed as some of the most isolated populations on Earth, living in some of the harshest environments imaginable. The Inuit's traditional social customs, trade patterns, and overall health and vitality all came under intense strain as a result of contact with Westerners. The individual bands' isolation proved to be fundamental to the rapid disintegration of traditional Inuit society, culture, and economics. Although the disastrous impact of European colonial exploits on the native peoples of South and Central America are well documented, Western contact and colonialism also forever changed the lives of native people half a world away in the high Arctic."

Tags:aivilingmiut, colonialism, epidemic, hudson, nuvorugmiut, sadlermiut

Abstract
One of the key players in the establishment of fur trade routes linking the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific and Arctic oceans via a quite complex route through various lakes and rivers of the Canadian shield was Scottish explorer, Alexander Mackenzie. This paper explains how Mackenzie's voyages to the Arctic ocean in 1789 and the Pacific coast in 1792-93 proved to be paramount for the continuation of Westward expansion, and perhaps even more pertinent for the expansion of the fur trade, the major economic means of pre-confederation Canada and a major contributor to Britain's economy. By analyzing Mackenzie's own account of his journeys, as well as other supplementary sources, the paper defines exactly how crucial his two voyages were to all elements of the fur trade and just how extraordinary his journeys were in historical perspective. It explains that the establishment of trade routes to the North and Northwest, establishment of relations with the native tribes along the various waterways, and the discovery of a vast, relatively unexplored territory (unexplored by whites), with much in the way of wildlife and the potential for great wealth and economic prosperity, were all positive aspects in regard to Mackenzie's voyages.

From the Paper
"Alexander Mackenzie was once described, in his younger years, as a man who would take second place to no one whether it be as an explorer or as a fur trader.1 Mackenzie's voyages of 1789 and 1792-93 are conveyed in his journal entries as "strangely unspectacular,"2 quite odd considering the importance of his travels to the well being of the fur trade industry, the chief economic means of British North America at this point in history. In the years prior to his exploration of Northern and Northwestern Canada, Alexander Mackenzie served as an employer to the Northwest fur trading company. Mackenzie, who was young and ambitious at the time, declared his certainty that greater successes for the Northwest company lay in the far West and North of the Canadian territory.3 Mackenzie's only problem lied in company kingpin Simon McTavish whom had a particular dislike for Mackenzie for one reason or another; fueled by his dislike for Mackenzie, McTavish refused to support the young explorer in his wishes to explore the far North and West of Canada. After continuous unsuccessful harboring with McTavish, Mackenzie defected from the Northwest company and found himself employed with rival company, the XY company, with whom Mackenzie expanded with in order to challenge the Northwest company.4 Eventually, after the death of Simon McTavish, the Northwest Company and the XY Company merged in 1787;5 Alexander Mackenzie was stationed at Lake Athabasca, the Company's westernmost post, with fellow explorer and trader, Peter Pond. Both men were determined that great wealth lied in the lands to the North and to the West.6 This determination drove the men to curiosity as to where the Great Slave River running North from Lake Athabasca would lead to. Mackenzie and Pond were also determined to create a continuous trade route linking all three oceans which contained Canada: the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific.7 Mackenzie's first voyage would be to the Arctic, where he hoped to find a link to the "frozen sea."

Tags:arctic, athabasca, canada, coast, exploration, interior, journey, northwest, ocean, pacific, passage, west

Abstract
This paper argues that the special rights that Aboriginals are granted in Canada violate Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which states that all individuals are to be treated equally, regardless of their race or ethnic origin. The paper argues that Aboriginals are one group of peoples among many other minority groups that make up Canada. It questions, therefore, why Aboriginals should be given special grants and privileges above everyone else.

From the Paper
"As well, in trying to establish successful colonies, the governments did impose assimilation on Aboriginals; however, Aboriginals were not the only ones subjected to assimilation. Indeed, assimilation and discrimination against certain ethnic groups and races is not a part of history that Canada is proud of, but at the same time it is not an aspect of history that applied only to Aboriginals. Blacks, Asians, eastern Europeans and Irish peoples are just a few of the many cultural groups that were subjected to discrimination upon their immigration to North America. Yet, it is only Aboriginals that are currently granted special rights and benefits in Canada."

Tags:freedoms, colonization, discrimination

Abstract
This paper describes the conditions in Ireland that pushed people to leave for Canada, the pull factors that made British North America so attractive. The author states that the immigration was successful for both Ireland and British North America: Ireland reduced population and Canada received Irish immigration who provided the unskilled labor required to develop the country, a population to protect the colony under any further attacks from the United States and the political and economic influence of the Irish people. The paper states that there were problems such as an overwhelming flood of immigrants in the case of the exodus of 1847, cholera outbreak in Canada in the 1830s and poverty. Annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"From 1815 to 1870 approximately 875,000 Irish embarked on ships heading to British North America. Usually immigration had a positive impact for both the homeland and the colonies; for owners of timber ships it solved the problem of sending empty ships westward across the Atlantic, and for Irish landlords it could be used to reduce unnecessary labor on their estates. For most emigrants the effects of moving from their homeland was also positive, because many found employment, land and wealth in Canada that they could not have obtained in Ireland. For the entire century various factors played a part in the experience of emigrating. The class, religion and wealth of the people themselves varied, with the highest classes and wealthiest leaving before the famine, and with the poorest fleeing around mid-century. The factors pushing emigrants from Ireland and pulling themselves towards British North America also changed as the century progressed. For most people the lack of opportunity in Ireland, and the plentiful employment, land, and the chance of improving ones position in society in Canada, were cited as being the main reasons for leaving."

Tags:poverty, culture, labor, population, employment

Abstract
This paper analyzes the William Robinson murder case, and argues that Tom, the Indian convicted of murdering William Robinson, was innocent and that Griffiths, a local white settler was responsible for all three African-Canadian murders on the island. All the factual information from the trial is tied together with the idea that Salt Spring Island was a racist community, that encouraged only white prosperity and settlement.

From the Paper
"For the settlers of nineteenth century Canada, discrimination and racial conflict played a large role in the judicial system. In a case on Salt Spring Island, off the coast of British Columbia, a black man, William Robinson, was murdered and an Indian man, Tom, was convicted with very little supporting evidence. The racial politics of the era caused the settlers to form opinions that were not supported with facts, but that would enhance their lives on the settlement. Convicting a prominent white settler of the murders he committed, that happened to benefit the entire community, was not a high priority for the settlers. They viewed the Natives as a threat to the stability of their colony, and convicting them of crimes was far easier than petitioning for their removal (which they had attempted with no success). By convicting an Indian they sent a strong message to the Native communities surrounding them, and rid themselves of what was commonly viewed as a parasite of society. At that time many Indians were executed for crimes against the settlers, and later some were found to be innocent of the crimes they were charged with . The number of Natives convicted of crimes led the settlers to assume William Robinson's murderer was Indian."

Tags:british, canada, canadian, columbia, history, vancouver, african, indian, innocent, guilty

Abstract
This essay examines the events leading up to and including the Red River Rebellion and the effects it has had on Canadian culture as a whole. It is also examined with respect to the role of Louis Riel and the effects it has had on Metis culture and natives.

From the Paper
"The Red River Metis' conflicts with other settlers and the Canadian government were largely a result of the existence of a "half-breed" settlement. Historian George Stanley once described Metis people as "having darker skin than a white person but otherwise quite similar to Europeans. In all respectability, they are like civilized men, not more uneducated, immoral, or disorderly than many communities in the old world."1 During the first stage of Metis discontent leading up to the rebellion at Red River, between the years of 1830 and 1850, the unrest among the Metis was largely a result of economic concern due to crop failures and the trade monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company.2 During this period, the Canadian government did little in the way of aiding the people of Red River. The second stage of Metis discontent occurred between the years of 1850 and 1869, the years immediately preceding the uprising against the Canadian government. The reason for discontent during this period was rooted in racial and social concerns of the Metis.3 The Metis during this period believed they were being pushed out of their own land, their own unique culture that they had developed to make room for other settlers to occupy their land. The Metis viewed this as an insult against their abilities, and their culture as a whole. The first period of discontent led to the eventual dismantling of the Hudson Bay Company's monopoly and the second era of discontent led to the insurrection of 1869 under Louis Riel."

Tags:canada, history, louis, manitoba, native, oppression, riel, rights

Abstract
The paper looks at multi-ethnicity in Canada and at what unifies this nation. It focuses on the sport of hockey as an important component of the country's national identity. It looks at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and its struggle for identity, claiming that when it broadcasted its first "Hockey Night" in Canada, it found it's "true being". The paper explores the origin and importance of CBC's "Hockey Night" to national unity. It explains how the program crossed the boundaries of young and old, rich and poor, urban and rural, French and English, east and west. The paper also discusses the controversial aspect of the program's time slot, overlapping the national news. The status of the program as a source of education is mentioned and the paper concludes with a review of the contribution of CBC's "Hockey Night" to the national identity of Canadians.

From the Paper
"Canada is comprised of many different cultures, spread over a vast geographical region. The only way for all these different types of people all over Canada to create a cohesive united nation to dwell on the similarities, which are shared amongst the majority. Cultural identity, it could be said can found when a whole nation can share in and care about a similar subject. For Canada this sense of national identity is represented by the sport of hockey. In any social or academic setting where the topic of discussion is Canadian identity the lists always begin with peacekeeping and multiculturalism and always come back to hockey. Some may say hockey is only a symbol of Canadian identity, and is no different then a moose, a beaver, or long winters. Hockey however has more then a symbolic animal because hockey gives a spirit of unification and it is here where our country has celebrated some of its greatest victories and most horrifying defeats. The love of the sport of hockey may not be shared by all Canadian citizens, but it is certainly been loved and adored by many since its beginnings in Montreal in 1875."

Tags:unity, origin, imoprtance, time, slot, education, canadian, Foster, Hewitt, Ron, MacLean, Don, Cherry

Abstract
This paper examines how, since the 1980s, the idea of Aboriginal sovereignty has been a subject of growing debate in Canada and how centrally at issue is the dispute over Aboriginal rights. It discusses how there is a contrast between traditional Aboriginal values and those of modern-day society and how within Canada there exists a prevailing tension between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals on many levels. It analyzes how the government is in need of serious revision and why some Canadians feel that the only solution to the crisis the Aboriginal peoples presently find themselves in is some form of Aboriginal sovereignty. It shows how these Canadians believe that the best way to address the crisis is to have First Nations peoples control their own destiny through self-determination in order to confront current challenges successfully and ultimately lead to a greater state of well-being for its peoples.

From the Paper
"In addition to the Indian Act, which was subsequently amended multiple times, other influential policy documents were developed including the Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (1969), also known as the White Paper and Citizens Plus (1970) which "presents a counter-policy written by the Union of Alberta Indians, a treaty Indian group, in reaction to the federal document" (41) and called for Aboriginal self-determination. The White Paper's aim "was to outline a strategy that would integrate Indian peoples into mainstream society" (43). Conversely, "The guiding principles for economic development, proposed in Citizens Plus, suggest a reliance on a combination of government assistance and private enterprise [in order to] make reserve communities into centers of profitable and productive private industry" (49)."

Tags:first, nations, government, genocide, culture, religion