Abstract
An argumentative paper about the negative effects of human cloning. The author discusses the moral, ethical and religious issues that he believes outweigh the medical advances of cloning. Included is an overview of what cloning is and how it could effect society in the future.

From the Paper
"Human cloning is a controversial topic, the public regards it as inappropriate, while the leaders of certain scientific communities believe it is a sound practice that could be researched and used to benefit society. Human cloning is a form of genetic engineering, which most people consider morally wrong and, "Playing God". Through cloning an individual, you create an exact physical duplicate of that person, however, memories, personality and opinions are not recreated, and so differences do exist. Many pros and cons can be found when looking at cloning in depth, but it is my opinion that overall, it is not a beneficial procedure. There are just too many ethical issues that outweigh medical advances and prolonging life spans. A race has been started between scientists, everyone wants to be the first to clone an adult human, however with hopes of personal glorification and publicity, they have lost sight of the moral and religious issues at hand. Human cloning means creating a breed of people that have no flaws or imperfections, and since perfection does not exist, the clone could be nothing but a disappointment."

Tags:clones, ethics, genetics, twins

From the Paper
"THC has a range of physiological and psychological effects on the body. Typically, it produces a mild euphoric intoxication, a sense of well-being, alterations in sense of space and time. Quite likely, THC reduces anxiety and relaxes your tension while it intensifies your sense of sound, touch ,or taste, which often stimulates your appetite. It is suspected that THC has something to do with the Lateral Hypothalamus that control the appetite. For this reason, marijuana is employed as an appetite stimulant for patients with serious illnesses such as AIDS or terminal cancer who need to eat in order to survive. In addition, marijuana is also medically beneficial for pain relief, control of nausea and the treatment of asthma and glaucoma."

Tags:drugs, addictive, brain, cannabis, dopamine, fatty, hemp, metabolism, pot, receptor, reward, smoking, system, thc

Abstract
The paper begins by purifying beef heart and ends with a highly-quantitative analysis of the results of attempting to isolate the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. It contains every aspect of a detailed biochemistry lab report. The paper contains complex quantitative analysis with supporting statistics. It also has scanned photographs of the gel electrophoresis.

From the Paper
"Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a crucial enzyme that regulates lactate levels throughout the mammalian body. Proper LDH function is essential for a number of important biochemical pathways, including the Cori Cycle and glycolysis among others. Without it, the glycolytic cycle would come to a halt due to diminished nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) reserves, and the buildup of lactate would ultimately result in lactic acidosis-a potentially fatal affliction."

Tags:bovine, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis

From the Paper
"Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by an inability of the body to utilize one of the constituents of a normal diet- phenylalanine (PHE), which is one of the essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized within the body. It means that they have to be taken in from the foods. PHE is found in all protein foods such as meat, eggs, fish, milk, cheese, and so forth. "

Tags:acid, amino, dna, enzyme, metabolism, mutation, pha, phe, phenylpyruvic, pheoh, proteins, trysosoine, tyrosine

Abstract
This paper describes an experiment, which stimulates the hearts of Daphnia by using caffeine, nicotine, epinephrine, ethyl, a diluted salt solution and various pH 10 solutions. The author reports measuring the heart rates of the Daphnia and discusses the changes in heart rate for each of the stimuli.

Table of Contents:
Materials and Methods
Result Analysis
Discussion
Graphs

From the Paper
"Giving Nicotine to the second Daphnia, caused a drop in its heart rate (graph 2). Since nicotine is a widely used drug which is a depressant, it lowers the beating of the Daphnia heart. The Daphnia that acquired epinephrine, experienced a jump in heart rate (graph 3). Epinephrine, otherwise know as adrenaline, is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It stimulates autonomic nerve action, which is why a rise is heart rate was observed."

Tags:control adrenaline survival, acid polluted, microscope

Abstract
The writer explains that in the set of experiments discussed in the paper, myosin and actomyosin were isolated and gradually purified from rabbit muscle myofibrils. The two proteins were initially precipitated together out of solution, in order to remove any impurities. Then, the two proteins could be separated from each other, by taking advantage of differential solubility. The writer notes that after each time they were re-suspended or redissolved, the solutions were centrifuged in order to further improve purity. Any solution containing the contractile proteins or ATP were kept on ice during the experiments, and stored in a freezer at all other times. The writer discusses that using the Bradford protein assay and the SDS-PAGE, the concentrations and weights of the purified proteins in the final solutions were measured. For all protein samples, no appreciable concentration of protein could be detected after diluting the samples by 100 times. However, the other two dilutions yielded normal results.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"The head of the myosin is the part which interacts with the other molecules. Without ATP, the myosin head is bound tightly to the actin, called the rigor state. However, ATP weakens this interaction by opening a cleft in the myosin head and disrupting the actin-binding site. When the myosin head is free of actin, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP. This causes a conformational change in the head that moves it to a new position, closer to the (+) end of the actin filament, (away from the origin site) where it reattaches. The dissociation of the phosphate from ATP also causes a conformational change, this time in the myosin head. As a result, myosin returns to its original state (the rigor state). Because myosin is still bound to actin, this conformational change exerts a force that causes myosin to move the actin filament. This is the power stroke. Essentially, contraction is a series of these power strokes by the actomyosin complex, the myosin head is moving along the actin filament through constant detachment and reattachment."

Tags:molecular, dilutions, calcium, ATP

Abstract
This paper explains that virtually all bacteria strains have viruses specific to them. The paper then describes an experiment that takes coliphages from sewage and, after enrichment and filtration processes, exposes the E.Coli R10 strain to the phages to obtain the phage specific to the strain. The paper further explains that the bacteria strains are grown on agar plates in the presence of coliphages, and strains W3104-A on plates K12 and W3104 and R12-B on plate K12 developed resistance. The paper then reports that the W3104-A strain is further tested and retains its resistance.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Isolation and Enrichment of Coliphage from Raw Sewage
Filtration of Coliphage Mixtures
Dilution and Plaque Preparation of R10A and R10B E. Coli Strains
Mutation and Isolation of Phage-Resistant E. Coli Strains
Sensitivity of Phage-Resistant Mutants to Bacteriophages
Results
Discussion
Table: Colonies of Bacterial Strains Response to Coliphages

From the Paper
"Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance to viruses [6], so as it can be expected some strains (namely W3104-A and R12-B) developed phage-resistant colonies. It is known that certain genetic elements called "episomes" are instrumental in creating phage-resistance in E. Coli strains such as K12 [8]. As indicated in table 1, there were numerous contaminations; this was certainly due to many of the unfiltered cultures that were used. This was done because of time constraints and shortage or missing supplies in the lab."

Tags:viruses, bacteriophages, cultures, spontaneous, resistant

Abstract
This paper provides a descriptive general interest essay on severe acute respiratory syndrome and its effect on world wide affairs. The essay cites specific references to instances in Toronto, Hong Kong, and China among others. This paper delves into the causes of SARS from gene mutation to the spread of the disease. It also analyzes the impact on healthcare systems, the global economy, and impact on workplaces.

Contents:
Spread of the Disease
Pathogens Responsible
Signs / Symptoms
Effect of Pathogen on the Body/Disrupting Homeostasis & Problems related to Treating SARS Patients
Impact on Healthcare
Ethics of Dealing with SARS
Ethics of Dealing with SARS in the Workplace

From the Paper
"A city in fear is no city at all. In November 2002 the disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) came to Toronto by way of China and set in motion a global fear of an epidemic. There was no cure, no background knowledge, and no available treatment. SARS was a sudden onset respiratory illness that scientists are still working on not only reliable testing for, but also a cure. This paper will discuss the rise and fall of SARS and its effects on the world community, and its impact on our lives in the greater Toronto Area. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a contagious and fatal form of pneumonia that originated in China in 2002 and quickly spread across the globe. When originally contracted no available treatments offered any relief to the sever symptoms that took over a victim. The swift worldwide spread of the disease combined with its fatal nature prompted the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) to issue a worldwide alert, designating SARS as a world wide health threat, a virtual modern plague. This onset of fear motivated governments to establish never before seen procedures for infection control to prevent an epidemic. Despite these procedures approximately 8,000 cases of SARS were reported and caused 800 deaths in 32 countries."

Tags:care, china, disease, fears, health, spread

Abstract
The writer notes that the objective of the laboratory describe in the paper is to observe mobile cells and their characteristics. Three distinct samples are viewed: plant cells from an Elodea leaf, a eukaryotic animal cell called Tetrahymena pyriformis, and myofibrils from a rabbit muscle. The writer points out that when movement is detected in the plant and animal cells, it can lead to calculations of speed. Both intracellular and inter-cellular movement is exemplified in the samples. The writer notes that cells are not only observed under natural conditions, but also after biochemical alterations. The effects of these biochemical changes are also noted. The addition of methyl cellulose enables more accurate observation of the animal cells, since it reduces their speed. The writer concludes that when the ATP was added, the decrease in size proved that the myofibrils are responsible for the muscular function and that the muscle is dependant on the myofibrils successfully working together. However, each cluster of myofibrils appeared to be structurally independent, meaning it was not connected to any other cluster.

Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
References

From the Paper
"The Tetrahymena cells were all similar in size, and were either circular or elliptical in shape. Their nuclei and cytoplasms were clearly seen, but any other organelles were difficult to distinguish. Whether they moved horizontally, vertically or diagonally, linear motion was consistent in all the cells. It also seemed like they each one followed a unique path across the field of view. After adding methyl cellulose to these cells, their movement became significantly slower, and deceleration continued until the cells stopped moving altogether. However, their movement also became random, sporadic and generally unpredictable, since they did not seem to be following any particular path. As well, some cells began moving in a circular motion, as if around an axis, and many cells began to gather in large groups once they stopped moving."

Tags:movement, measurement, cells, size

Abstract
The writer explains that in this experiment, lysozyme was purified from egg white solution into 24 fractions using gel column chromatography. The writer points out that the odd-numbered fractions were then assayed in order to determine the enzymatic activity of lysozyme, while the even-numbered fractions were assayed for total protein content, using the Bradford protein assay procedure. The writer notes that lysozyme is one of the most well-known enzymes, being abundant in mucus, tears, and albumen (commonly known as egg white).
The writer concludes that the purification of lysozyme from egg white was only somewhat successful since the estimated value of the molecular weight, 14.25 kDa, is practically the same as the known weight of 14.3 kDa. However, the specific activity, calculated at 400 units/mg, was significantly less than the expected specific activity of 25 000 units/mg of protein.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Lysozyme is itself composed of 129 amino acids, including four disulfide bridges and three sets of alpha helices. The enzyme's active site consists of a long groove that can hold as many as six polysaccharides. According to past experiments, specific activity of lysozyme from egg white is approximately 25 000 units/mg. This is the expected result for this experiment. However, one factor that influences the specific activity is the actual column and type of chromatography being used, since accuracy differs among the different types of chromatographies. Therefore, some are able to purify enzymes better than others, giving a more accurate specific activity. In addition to obtaining the specific activity, molecular weight of the enzyme can be determined by comparing the fraction in which most of the enzyme eluted with the fractionation range."

Tags:protein, egg, white, calculations, fractions