Abstract
This paper aims at researching boot camps in an effort to go beyond the overly simplistic media portrayal, to clarify the who, what, when, where and why of the issue. The paper illustrates all the issues involved in the designing of a successful boot camp which will allow for maximal societal adjustment of juvenile criminals and minimal recidivism. The writer outlines the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of boot camps and discusses the future of boot camps.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The History of Juvenile Boot Camps
What is a Boot Camp?
Why Do Juvenile Boot Camps Exist?
Who Occupies Juvenile Boot Camps?
Where Are Juvenile Boot Camps?
Boot Camp Design
A Made-In-Ontario Solution: Canada's First Juvenile Boot Camp
Types of Offenders
Youth Demographics
Factors Associated with Delinquency
The Effectiveness of Boot Camps
The Ineffectiveness of Boot Camps
The Negative Impact of Boot Camps
Boot Camps as a Less Costly Alternative to Incarceration
Positive Impacts on Behavior
Aftercare
Public Response and Boot Camps
The Future of Boot Camps
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"If the average North American were to rely solely on the media for accurate information about youth crime, we would have a continent of misinformed people. The media would like us to believe that there is an epidemic of youth crime despite extensive evidence to the contrary. This media attention, however inaccurate, has led the public to demand the justice system deal more harshly with young offenders. The result of this public outcry was the establishment of boot camps for juvenile offenders."

Tags:juvenile, offenders, jail, justice, violence, delinquency, therapy, recidivism, education

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that it is often argued that juveniles are victims of circumstances and bad environments. Further, the writer points out that it is said that they come from "broken homes", "dysfunctional families", and "deteriorated neighborhoods" lacking any "internal community support". The writer discusses the relevance of this theory with the "rational" choice theory that criminal behavior is a matter of personal choice. The writer examines the issue of whether youths engage in criminal activities due to their dysfunctional environments or whether they thoughtfully plan, organize and rationalize their criminal activity. Social control and rational choice theories are compared to determine whether youths are victims of their environments or they specifically choose criminal activity regardless of their upbringings.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Youth Development
Theories Examined
Social Control Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Social control theory can provide explanations to why the majority of incarcerated youths are from poor environments. The theory is criticized for not explaining why juveniles from stable positive environments commit crimes. The concept of white collar criminals is somewhat contrary to social control theories. Youths have risen from poverty, dysfunctional families, poor schooling, deteriorated neighborhoods and criminal peers to become well functioning productive members of society. An unstable difficult environment does not necessarily produce juvenile delinquency as social control theorists would suggest. Numerous negative factors do affect whether a child becomes prone to criminal activity but there are no solid rules or clear explanations."

Tags:victims, environments, circumstances, punishment

Abstract
This paper describes differing styles parents used to bring up children. The author focuses on his own experience, stating that he thinks the authoritative style is the best. The paper also presents information from various studies that have been carried out on this subject.

From the Paper
"Parenting styles have a profound impact on development. The way an individual is raised is often displayed in the ways in which they act and raise their own children. Studies have shown that in most cases, if an individual was raised in a certain way, they will raise their own children that same particular way. Furthermore, I feel that in mental health settings, an individual will be more receptive to a type of counseling which may be similar to the method in which they were raised.
"My parents were unquestionably authoritative parents. An authoritative parent is "firm, setting clear and consistent limits... they are loving and emotionally supportive" (Feldman, 2008, p.278). I feel this way because they would always give me my options. If I were doing something wrong they would give me the choice - either to keep doing what I was doing and face a consequence or to stop the behavior and I would not face a consequence. They would always take the time to explain things; as in telling me why something was wrong, e.g. if you keep your shoes on in the house you will make it more dirty, and this will make more work for all of us."

Tags:children, authoritative, supportive

Abstract
The paper states that the topic of recovered memories and false memories with respect to childhood sexual abuse is closely connected to memory issues of amnesia and delayed recall. The paper comments that although it is impossible to determine exactly how common amnesia and delayed recall are in cases of child sexual abuse, research does indicate that both phenomena occur with respect to child sexual abuse. The paper suggests that one explanation for why it does not occur, may be related to the types of abuse experience, in that repeated abuse may be more likely to cause amnesia or delayed recall.

Outline:
Introduction
Research concerning child sexual abuse and amnesia
Disagreement of the literature
Amnesia
Delayed Recall
Prevalence
- problems with determining prevalence
Suggested Explanations
- Type of Trauma
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The literature is also somewhat convoluted on the subject, as some researchers find traumatic events are encoded in more detail than non traumatic events, while others find that traumatic events are forgotten altogether. Such is the case when amnesia occurs. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory, most often of declarative memory as opposed to procedural memory (how to tie your shoe laces) (Colman, 2003). Although vivid intrusions of traumatic images and sensations are some of the most dramatic expressions of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a disorder commonly associated with childhood sexual abuse, the loss of recollections for traumatic experiences is also well documented. Research suggests that for some victims of trauma, having no recall of the abuse is based on more than just ordinary forgetting associated with the passage of time, their young age at the time of trauma, or lack of salience of the traumatic event"

Tags:trauma, child, brutalization, sexual, abuse, memories

Abstract
This paper examines A. Blumstein's article, "Youth, Guns, and Violent Crime", and relates that this article addresses the particular vulnerability and over-representation of youth in crimes involving violence. The paper discusses Blumstein's correlation between youth involved violent crime trends during the 1980s and 1990s, and trends in gun access and drug marketing peaks during these years. Also discussed are the three factors Blumstein sees as the reason for the eventual decline in youth violence since 2000. In addition, the paper looks at the belief held by many criminologists that early exposure to guns and other forms of violence produces violent criminal behaviour throughout life. Lastly, the paper notes that a consistent theme applied in intercepting urban violence is to fortify both the justice system and social development programs.

From the Paper
"Blumstein (2002) explains the decisions to engage in violence in terms of the form and level of previous exposure an individual has to surrounding violent conditions. He discusses the particular vulnerability and over-representation of youth in crimes involving violence, and attributes current trends of violent crimes to drug addiction, drug market involvement, and increased access and utilization of lethal weapons. He further challenges the concept of "superpredators", a presumed breed of ruthless youth, destined for reckless, violent lifestyles. This breed of predators is argued to be helplessly predisposed to violent acts without hope of intervention (Blumstein, 2002)."

Tags:guns, drugs, street, gangs, upbringing

Abstract
This paper explores four types of child abuse: physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. It includes definitions, descriptions, and case studies, as well as the cyclical nature of abuse. The paper explores how child abuse can be prevented and how to get help for those who have already been affected by child abuse. The paper concludes with the author's personal reaction to child abuse.

From the Paper
"According to statistics from 1998, 78% of all child abuse in the United States is committed by birth parents. Physical abuse is carried out relatively equally by mothers and fathers. Sexual abuse, in 90% of the cases, is perpetrated by a man, but most often the man is not the father but an adult who has an ongoing relationship with and access to the child. In 87% of neglect, the mother is the neglectful parent (Morales, 1998). A study done in North Carolina from 1985-1994, found that most perpetrators of child abuse are biological parents (almost equal between the mother and father). Other people who are likely to commit the child abuse are relatives, friends, baby-sitters, mother's boyfriends, and stepfathers (Herman-Giddens, 1999)."

Tags:alcoholism, neglect, depression

Abstract
The following paper explores the psychological impact the high rate of marital breakdown have on children and how these effects impact on society. The marital breakdown addressed in this paper is between heterosexual couples. To examine this topic a review of literature has been conducted. A comparison of children living in intact families and children living in divorced families has been completed to demonstrate the similarities and differences. This paper also discusses the effects on members of society of the high divorce rate and the positive outcomes of divorce.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Mediators of Divorce
Economic Effects of Divorce
Effects of Conflict on Children
Effects of Absence of Non-Custodial Parents
Effects of Remarriage
Long Term Effects of Divorce on Children
Effects on Society
The Positive Consequences of Divorce

From the Paper
Some children experience an easier adjustment to divorce while others display difficulties for a long period of time. Factors have been identified that ease the adjustment for children. These conditions include supportive interactions with family members and friends, having effective coping strategies and accessibility to any needed mental health interventions (Cooney, Hutchinson and Leather). The effects of divorce can be lessened also if the parents act without hostility, if children s relationships with their parents are continuous, and if the children s financial needs are provided for by the parents (Thompson and Amato). Thus, reducing life stresses will moderate the impact of divorce on children.

Tags:significant, contributor, adjustment, effective, parenting, custodial, parent, accurate, indicator, youth, adjustment, moderator, adolescents

Abstract
This paper evaluates the reasons for non-parental child care in today's day and age due to demographic changes in the structure of the family and the need for mother's to work. It examines the results of several surveys on the direct effect of this type of care on child development and outlines the options which are available to families who are concerned for their child's early development, but are also in need of two incomes.

From the Paper
"Historical changes in family and economic trends have created the need for non-parental child care through a number of different societal changes. The move of families from the farms to urban settings and increased school attendance for children resulted in a reduced need for the mother to remain at home. Over time more women have been joining the work force, which has lead to an increase of financially independent women as well as less financial interdependence between wives and husbands. Society has also witnessed increased levels of divorce and children born out of wedlock. These changes in social trends have resulted in the majority of children living in one parent families or dual-earner families, which has consequently created an increased number of children requiring non-parental care for a large portion of each working day (Hernandez, 1995.)"

Tags:mother, work, force, child, care, facility, environment, society

Abstract
The paper refers to the literature concerning obsessive compulsive dsorders (OCD) in children and adolescents that shows how the disorder is not only debilitating but also lacking in the necessary tools for assessment and treatment. The paper discusses the classification of OCD as an anxiety disorder and reveals that the prevalence of the disorder is under diagnosed and underestimated. The paper includes the writer's personal reaction that much more research is necessary within this area of psychology.

Outline:
Lack of Research
What is Known about Childhood and Adolescent OCD
Classification of OCD
Some Additional Research
Prevalence
Personal Reaction

From the Paper
"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and potentially disabling neuropsychiatric condition, which often emerges during late childhood or early adolescence. This disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions which are deemed to be excessive to the extent that they cause distress in a person's life, and disrupt daily living patterns and functioning (APA, 1994). OCD in children tends to dominate every aspect of the affected child's life (Wolff & Wolff, 1991). The presence of obsessive thoughts and the overwhelming need to perform compulsive rituals may adversely affect the child's family and peer relationships, school performance, vocational functioning, participation in extracurricular activities, self-esteem, and emotional well-being (Wand, Furer & Shady, 1993; Thomsen & Jensen, 1991; Toro, Cevera, Osejo & Salamero, 1992)."

Tags:symptoms, rituals, assessment, treatment, depression, suicide

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals