Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cell phone use in vehicles is a growing concern around the globe. The writer points out that many individuals and authorities believe that the use of cellular phones while driving contributes to the number of motor vehicle accidents on the road systems. The writer discusses that cognitive psychologists have studied this matter thoroughly in order to determine whether or not cellular phones pose a risk to driver performance. The majority of these studies have confirmed the suspicions and provided empirical evidence showing that the use of a cell phone while driving severely decreases driver attention and slows down reaction times to visual stimuli. This paper discusses two studies in particular that examine the perception of visual stimuli by drivers in relation to cellular phone use. Furthermore, research is proposed that would build upon the two articles discussed by combining the topics and determining exactly what kinds of hands-free devices used with cell phones, if any, are the most effective in creating a safe driving environment.

Outline:
Abstract
References

From the Paper
"In today's technology driven world nearly everyone takes measures to increase their accessibility to the outside world. These measures include e-mail, fax, the Internet, and cellular phones, just to name a few. However, as with all new advancements in technology and society, the increased accessibility to the outer world comes with a number of negative side effects or drawbacks. One area in which these drawbacks are highly pronounced is driving. Driving used to be a relatively simple task, with few cars on the road, few distractions, and a lack of any form of technology within the vehicle beyond a steering wheel, gear shift, mirrors, gas pedal and break - all items required for driving the vehicle. Today, however, cars come equipped with high powered stereo systems, compasses, electronic-visual navigation systems, televisions, drink holders, fax machines, outlets for computers, and cellular phones. "

Tags:handheld, concentration, focus, distraction, attention

Abstract
This paper explores the shifts in Canadian feminist theory within a feminist periodical through the case study of "Canadian Women's Studies / les cahiers de la femme." specifically in the shift during 1978 to 2010 from a focus on gender to intersectionality
to show the role of periodicals within the feminist movement. After analyzing this journal, the author observes a quasi-linear shift of feminists from emphasizing gendered power relations as the root of social injustice to feminists, who are now taking an intersectional approach. The paper concludes that this journal does adopt and disseminate shifts in feminist theory.

Table of Contents:
The Theory Trajectory of Canadian Woman Studies, 1978-2010
Beginning Theory
"I Would Say Intersectionality": Shifting Towards an Intersectional Approach
Recent Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"At beginning of the publication of Canadian Women's Studies, in issues as early as the first in 1978, we see use of patriarchal sociological theories to explain oppression. One of the first ways we can identify the theory upon which the issue is based is by reading the editorial mission statement. The one from 1978 begins "Canadian Women's Studies is a journal for all women who are teaching and learning together. For too long we have stayed in our separate cubbyholes of office, home, studio and classroom. As women we all experience the same constraints implanted upon us by a society structured for men - by men" . We can see in this statement the clear reference to an essential womanness, and the idea that the root of her oppression is patriarchy. There is also an appeal to an essential sisterhood "as women" in opposition to men. This binary of woman/non-woman is very different from the intersectional approach, which maintains that women might find they have more in common with men of a similar socio-economic background than with fellow women of a different context.
"This sentiment is also echoed in an article by Marion Colby. She writes that "Women's Studies, [...] enables women to alter the unequal distribution of power between the sexes" (Colby 4). Again, there is no mention of other unequal power relations, such as ones between classes and racialized groups."

Tags:themes, sisterhood, sexism, marginalized, intersectionality

Abstract
Effective communication with the internal organizational public at all levels is the key to success of an organization. Communicating with the employees results in augmentation of confidence and productivity and the reduction of job insecurity and other related fears. The first part of this paper presents the issue of the merger of two giant companies, Hewlett Packard and Compaq and the dire need for the companies to make their internal communication effective. The second part of the paper discusses the impact of effective internal communication. The third part outlines the essentials for an expedient internal public relations action plan. The fourth and the last part conclude the research paper.

From the Paper
"Hence from the above discussion, it is evident that effective communication with the internal public of an organization does not only play a vital role in determining the success of an organizational change but it also confirms its well-being. The employees at Hewlett Packard wanted assurance, job security and a sense of belongingness and being wanted by the company. In such changes, job security is always threatened and it is effective and prompt communication that breaks down all barriers and helps in pacifying the frightened and agitated work force. Hence, when the firm started explaining, assuring, in short. communicating effectively with their internal people, it not only received favorable response but also managed to keep the organizational peace alive and employee satisfaction in line."

Tags:face-to-face, supervisor

Abstract
Report on the importance of leadership with respect to the five functions of human resource management: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. The author investigates to what extent leadership is a requirement for the effective accomplishment of these functions.

From the Paper
"The Leader is interested in aligning the beliefs and values of people with the overall goals and vision of the organization. In the Leadership role one can bring about change by providing direction, by setting an example, by motivating through inspiration, and by building teams based on respect and trust. A leader is focused on results rather than methods, systems and procedures. Leaders ask themselves "For what purpose?" and "What are the consequences for the system as a whole?" (Chait, 1997). In relation to planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling, leadership plays a vital role in determining these activities within an organization."

Tags:organizing, planning, resource, staffing, industrial, psychology, employee, employer

Abstract
The paper explores how a social worker can be an effective communicator even with clients who do not speak a common language. The paper discusses the steps in developing effective body language skills, nonverbal communication skills, and the use of gestures. The paper emphasizes the importance of effective communication for social workers.

From the Paper
"Social workers interact with many different people in the course of their day-to-day job, and often social workers will find themselves in situations where they are communicating with individuals from a different cultural background. A large part of an individual's cultural background is their language. It is quite likely that as a Social Worker one will be in situations in which they must attempt to effectively communicate with an individual who does not speak the same language. Cross-language communication can be very confusing and frustrating, but as a Social Worker it is important to remain calm and draw on all forms of communication in order to get or provide the information needed. This may involve the use of body language, pictures, or props. In the ideal situation, one would try to find an interpreter in order to facilitate the communication process, but often this is not a possibility in the social work field, as much of a social worker's job takes place on site and away from additional resources."

Tags:body, language, gestures, expressions, emotions, tone, voice, interpretation

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the existing research concerning a variety of fields related to the topic of facial expressions. The writer notes that the ability to recognize facial expressions of pain and emotion has important clinical and social implications. The writer points out that the importance of a clinician's abilities to recognize facial displays of pain is especially relevant for infants, those with handicaps that preclude accurate verbal reporting, and patients for whom distorting a verbal report is a concern. The writer also discusses that in the social environment, expression emotions, pain and distress may serve as a warning of threat or may solicit helping behavior on the part of the observer. The writer maintains that, thus, an understanding of the theory behind facial expressions and their perception and study has practical implications in many areas of life and professional practice. The writer concludes that in general the majority of the research reviewed in this paper indicates that facial expressions are universal and can be studied in a variety of different manners.

Outline:
General Overview of Facial Expressions
Perception of Facial Expressions
Expression, Psychometry, and the Perception of Facial Behavior
Emotional Prototypes
The Measurement of Facial Expressions
Sets of Static Emotional Stimuli
General Results on the Perception of Emotion
Perception of Facial Expressions and Response Times
Facial Expression of Pain
Conclusion

From the Paper
"At this point, it is also important to address the concept of universality of facial expressions of emotion and how universality relates to the development of encoding ability. If facial expressions of emotion are universal, then encoding of them should occur naturally given the appropriate stimuli and maturity of the neural and muscular control mechanisms. Therefore, a discussion of "universal" and encoding ability is discussed below in greater detail.
"The majority of the research concerning age-related changes in encoding, involves the posing of expressions of emotion rather than the spontaneous expression that accompanies emotion. This method of research is discussed in greater detail below. The ability to pose non-emotional expressions (i.e. facial expressions of emotion that are not associated with the experience of emotion) leads to questions concerning the role of either verbal ability or knowledge of emotion vocabulary in the performance of the encoding tasks. Is a good encoder able to control facial musculature better than a poor encoder? Or, does a good encoder have a better understanding of emotion words and expectations about how to demonstrate that awareness?"

Tags:emotions, behavior, gestures, messages, encoding

Abstract
The paper shows that when we think about communication, we think about the spoken word and that our thoughts are always about the words people use and their fluency of speech. Yet, at the same time, we are also taking in information from nonlinguistic sources. The author notes that people's mannerisms, clothing, and appearance are also important, as well as their tone of voice. Researches have estimated that, in face-to-face communication, as much as 90 percent of the social meaning may be carried in the nonverbal message and that facial appearance and response may contribute more to our meaning of their message than all their words. The paper explores the importance of both types of communication and how they are put across.

From the Paper
"As popularly used, language refers to a system of words. This development is not surprising, since words distinguish human communication from that of lower animals. Words, as symbols, usually convey information in a quite deliberate, no instinctive way. For this reason, language is sometimes treated as a set of verbal symbols."

Tags:symbol, coding, culture, language

Abstract
The paper takes a psychological look at how, when we evaluate others, we use our innate human emotions first. The paper notes that evaluating the self and others is generally inaccurate and can create unnecessary problems. The paper also relates that being motivated to be non-judgmental and avoid stereotypes can motivate people to rethink their initial impression of a person. The paper then explain that this is an important point, as everyone experiences some type of social interactions with others and people need to escape primitive emotions and intuitions when attributing characteristics to others.

From the Paper
"If people identify their skills relative to others through social comparison, does this mean that everyone has a fairly accurate understanding of their abilities compared to the average? Not according to many psychologists who have found that "most college students rate themselves as better students than the average college student". One possibility is people may consider themselves above average and believe their unique abilities are the most important criteria for the task, thus suffering from a personal bias. For example, people may think they are smarter than average because they excel in creativity, logic, social situations, problem-solving, using tools, or getting high marks, and people suppose their unique skills make them smarter because they view those skills as more significant."

Tags:motivated, social, interactions, non-judgmental, stereotypes, social

Abstract
This paper discusses how romantic relationships in our society, from beginning to end are very complex and how many factors come into play when decisions are made to become romantically involved with another. It also examines how there is a wide variety of variables that enter into the equations while dating that may ultimately lead to the dissolution of a relationship and how, depending on the situation and the person's attitudes and beliefs, some people move on quickly while others are devastated.

Outline:
The Relationship
Dissolution
Effects of a Breakup

From the Paper
"Almost everybody out there has either found the person who they believe they want to spend the rest of their life with or they are currently searching for that person. But one interesting question is why do people choose to begin a relationship with one person rather than another? Some people are more attracted to others for a number of reasons. These include physical attractiveness, personalities, proximity, sharing of attitudes or values, as well as similarities in age, backgrounds, educational aspirations, intelligence and much more (Sprecher, Felmlee, Metts, Fehr & Vanni, 1998). Whatever it is that causes the initial attraction of two people, individuals have pre-existing ideas pertaining to relationships. One study regarding romantic beliefs indicated that individuals already have beliefs about what relationships should be like. "

Tags:dating, attraction, love, partner

Abstract
This paper examines the ways in which communication between the genders differs, and how these styles contribute to widespread stereotypes. In addition, language is used to challenge stereotypes, as depicted. Areas investigated include verbal approaches, language usage, interruptions and silence, talkativeness and topics of conversation, harmony and competitiveness, assertiveness and compliments, dominance and egalitarianism, body language, and behavior.

From the Paper
"The differences that exist between the verbal interaction patterns of men and women are not absolute. However, the communication approaches that are recognized between males and females have frequently been described as "report versus rapport," "debate versus relate," or "competitive versus cooperative." Men seek practical advice and straightforward solutions to problems, whereas women tend to establish intimacy by sharing personal difficulties and exhibiting empathy to reinforce relationships. (Monroe, 1999) In one study that involved men-only and women-only discussion groups, it was discovered that when women converse with one another, they tend to reveal a vast amount of information regarding their personal lives. They also examine a particular issue extensively, allow others speakers to conclude their thoughts, and encourage participation among all members. Conversely, men rarely discussed their personal relationships and emotions. Instead, they competed to prove themselves better informed about such issues as current affairs, travel, and sports. The topics varied quite often within a short time span, and over time, a stable hierarchy was established, with some men dominating conversation, while others meagerly contributed. (Coates, 1993)"

Tags:communication, language, speech, gender, male, female, body, stereotype