Abstract
Cesare Beccaria was a philosopher from the classical school of criminology during the 18th and 19th centuries. This paper analyzes his theories and shows how Beccaria demanded reform in every aspect of criminal justice. The writer presents the focal point of Beccaria's argument which is that capital punishment must be abolished on the grounds that all punishment should be swift and serve the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.

From the Paper
"Cesare Beccaria's contribution to the field of criminal justice is but one of his many accomplishments. In addition to criminal justice, Beccaria was well versed in theories of economics as well as politics and he incorporated all of these fields in his various publications. In his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria (1764) speaks to a number of issues in the practice of criminal justice and recommends reform. In addition to his prolific writings, Beccaria was a teacher of public law and economy in the Palatine schools in Milan from 1768 to 1770 and after 1771 he held many public offices. Beccaria was a part of the classical school of criminology. This school covered a wide variety of issues and was made up of a group of philosophers on crime and punishment in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Cesare Beccaria was one of the school's most prominent members along with Jeremy Bentham. Both of these men shared the belief that criminal behaviour should be understood and controlled as an outcome of a certain human nature shared by all of us. They felt that human beings were ultimately hedonistic and always acted in terms which suited their own self interest; however at the same time they believed that humans were rational, and therefore acting in their own self interest could be manipulated to serve the good of the community. Based on this, a well ordered state would construct laws and punishments (based on deterrence) in such a way that people would understand peaceful and non-criminal actions to be in their self interest (Crime Theory, 2000). In 1764, when the then unknown Cesare Beccaria wrote his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, it would have been inconceivable for anyone to have believed that the world would still be using his ideas today in the 21st century to guide their criminal justice systems. The treatise has greatly impacted the Constitution of the United States, their Bill of Rights, and justice system. Many of the reforms that Beccaria called for have been incorporated into their system, and his influence stretches over arrest, prosecution and punishment. Beccaria never wrote anything else on criminal justice, which has left many unanswered questions, but the treaties has become the foundation upon which many criminology theories build and expand (Crime Theory, 2000)."

Tags:bentham, classics, crime, punishment, sociology, utilitarianism

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the field of forensic odontology deals with the study of teeth and uses scientific research and analysis for application to the legal system. The writer points out that forensic odontologists use the unique pattern of bite marks, to retrieve and if possible cast a 3D impression, ultimately matching them to the suspect's teeth having the highest probability. The writer discusses that forensic odontologists play crucially important roles in identification of victims and suspects. Bite marks are being used more often as a means of recognition, but it must be done with restraint as our knowledge in this field is still far from complete. The writer concludes that as time moves forward, it is imminent that new technologies will narrow down the gap between bite mark analysis, and the more established methods such as fingerprints that have been predominating much of forensics.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Human Teeth in Forensic Odontology
A Brief History
Bite marks and Forensics
Dental Records
Bite mark Analysis
Application in Forensics
Bite mark Processing
Advantages and New Developments
Limitations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The first time that teeth were used to identify bodies dates back to 1849, after a fire at the opera in Vienna. By the 1890s, there was a recorded case of a woman who was murdered close to the city of Paris. It was apparent that the woman had been strangled, knowing that strangulation victims sometimes manage to bite their attacker, the autopsy surgeon decoded to make impression casts of the victim's teeth. Approximately a week later a Frenchman was arrested and when the police noticed bitemarks on one of his hands, they decided the marks to the victim's dental cast, it was a perfect match.
"In a more amusing case, in 1903 Cumberland, a burglar broke into a home and during his looting he decided to help himself to a piece of cheese, he was later caught and convicted based on his teeth mark in the cheese."

Tags:teeth, mouth, identification, dentists

Abstract
The paper discusses problems of conceptualizing domestic terrorism and then analyzes terrorism in the United States. The paper explores why terrorism is part of the United States' society and offers a brief look at abortion issues and terrorism.

Outline
Introduction
Domestic Terrorism: Early works of Cooper, Bell, and Gurr
Problems of Conceptualizing Domestic Terrorism
Smith's Analysis of Terrorism in the United States
Emerson: Jihad in the United States
Abortion Clinic Bombings and Terrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The word terrorism usually conjures images of violent acts of Middle Eastern origin that is viewed daily on television. However, domestic terrorism fully exists in the United States. The Oklahoma City bombing is an example that became less prevalent in people's minds after 9/11. Nevertheless, law enforcement encounters numerous terrorist acts that are not given the attention they should. They are treated simply as criminal acts because police do not have the proper training or awareness of domestic terrorism."

Tags:abortion, jihad, law, enforcement

Abstract
This paper explains that the introduction of DNA evidence has become the cornerstone of many forms of criminal investigations especially for sexual assault and murder. Nonetheless, DNA evidence still has its drawbacks. The author provides a basic understanding of DNA and the ways DNA is used as evidence at crime scenes. The paper points out the issue of privacy, the need for collaboration even when DNA associated with the accused is found, and the difficulty of explaining the complicated DNA procedures to a jury. The paper stresses that the use of DNA is most significant in the area of exonerating previously convicted individuals who were sentenced based on inaccurate eyewitness testimony or other faults of the investigation process.

From the Paper
"One of the controversial advancements that has come along with the use of DNA evidence is the development of DNA databases, which store the DNA of convicted criminals from previous cases. It is very similar to the fingerprint databases that exist, only these databases store the electronic print out of a person's DNA. The controversy occurs over the desire of some political groups to include all humans in these databases and not simply criminals. Additionally, some even object to the database at all, regardless of who's DNA it contains, as they believe it is an invasion of privacy."

Tags:unique, databases, privacy, regions, exoneration

Abstract
This paper looks at what kind of pornographic material in being transmitted via the Internet, and how available and accessible is child pornography to these pedophiles. The author discusses the methods the government, parents and communities have undertaken to protect children from this rapidly increasing sub-culture.

From the Paper
"Since the widespread use of the Internet began, public safety, specifically relating to the safety of children has become a major issue and highly debated topic. The Internet has become an international gateway for child predators to produce and distribute child pornography. It allows these people not only to have limitless boundaries for its promotion, advanced technology for its production, but to be able to form a virtual community, hosting forums, newsgroups and providing vast resources for their fetishes. It is suggested that not only are these sites readily available and easily accessible for public viewing, but are also being protected under legislation. Various methods of exposing and deterring these predators have been created, ranging from anti-child pornography websites to parental control software to new and stricter laws and harsher punishments both for the consumers and creators. It is interesting to examine what is myth and what is truth regarding this phenomenon. Realistically, what kind of pornographic material in being transmitted via the Internet? Why? How available and accessible is child pornography to these "kiddy pornophiles""

Tags:pedophile, access, parent, government, communities, protect, sex, offenders, act, protection, chat, rooms

Abstract
This paper looks at the root of evil which manifests itself in serial killing. It also analyzes the morality of serial killers by studying the behaviorial patterns of Bundy, Berkowitz, Gacy, and Toole. It examines the lack of moral development in serial killers, specifically those which fall into the category of psychopaths.

From the Paper
"The lack of morality displayed by serial killers is something that is easily identifiable through hindsight. Once their malicious and brutal "secret lives" have been brought to the forefront, it is quite easy to say that these men (and sometimes women) have no concept of morality. If this lack of morality is so obvious, why then do we not notice it prior to their murderous rampages? The most likely answer to this question is that the majority of serial killers can be classified as psychopaths. According to John E. Conklin (1997, 564) a psychopath is "a person who has a specific cluster of personality traits; is asocial, aggressive, highly impulsive, and unable to form lasting bonds of affection with others; and feels little or no guilt for antisocial activities." Clecky (1976) has outline 16 major characteristics of psychopaths, which include: intelligent, rational, calm, unreliable, insincere, without shame or remorse, having poor judgment, without capacity for love, unemotional, poor insight, indifferent to the trust of kindness of others, over-reactive to alcohol, suicidal, impersonal sex life, lacking long term goals, and inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour. Due to their high levels of intelligence, psychopaths are capable of being very manipulative, and thus are able to feign the appropriate emotions necessary to blending in with society. Psychopaths make a conscious effort to distance themselves socially, and share intimacy with only those whom they can control psychologically. Thus, the immorality of psychopaths often goes unnoticed by the general public. It is not until a serial killer is captured that their personality is scrutinized closely enough to recognize the symptoms of psychopathology. These symptoms may even continue to hide after the killer has been apprehended. When Ted Bundy was first arrested he quickly made friends with his captives, and was granted special privileges which eventually lead to his ability to escape. Thus the very symptoms of psychopathology are what make it so difficult to detect prior to a serial killer's conviction."

Tags:criminal, justice, psychology, bundy, berkovitz, gacy, toole, disorder

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law

From the Paper
"Over the past decades a number of prominent individuals have been attacked or killed by people with a psychosis or other mental disorders, including ex-Beatle John Lennon and former U.S. President, Ronald Reagan. Although these cases may be spectacular, violence and aggression displayed by the mentally ill is usually directed against partners or family members, rather than others (Danielson et al, 1998). There is little evidence of an increasing number of violent acts made by patients with psychosis, but literature suggests that patients with major mental disorders have an increased risk for committing such acts compared with the general population (Munro, 2000). ). Fed by highly selected information in the mass media about their very rare contribution to one type of tragedy, homicide, the public and politicians believe, or are being encouraged to believe through the mass media, that unless people with a mental disorder are once more segregated, the streets will not be safe."

Tags:abuse, asylum, homicide, insane, integration, schizophrenia, substance, violence

Abstract
An argumentative essay about the banning of capital punishment in all countries. The history, social problems, cost, and moral responsibility of the death sentence are discussed and used to show that all societies would benefit without this punishment, otherwise seen as law assisted murder. This essay argues that capital punishment lacks proper and moral justification and should not exist because it is morally unjust. Many points are supported by statistics and a common overview of certain communities and their actions.

From the Paper
"The death penalty, the poor man's justice, is a negative aspect of a society, promotes murder for murder, and encourages lawful infliction of death. Capital punishment is the lawful execution of a criminal by the state, yet is quite problematic. Many people debate on the issues of morality, with some suggesting that this is not punishment but cold revenge. The law is here to protect us as individuals, and those who commit crimes also have the right to be protected. Lacking proper and moral justification, capital punishment should be banned because it is not a deterrent, it is classified as cruel and unusual punishment, and it is morally unjust."

Tags:america, capital, death, justice, law, morals, murder, penalty, punishment, texas, usa

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals