Abstract
This paper looks at three major North American cults and how they were founded, led and maintained. Their beliefs, leaders, members, roots and practises are outlined. The three cults are the Branch Davidians, Peoples Temple and the Solar Temple.

Outline
Introduction
I. The Branch Davidians
A. History
1. Victor Houteff.
2. Florence Houteff
3. Before Howell
B. David Koresh
1. David Koresh (Vernon Howell)
2. Koresh's Beliefs
C. The Branch Davidian Religion
1. Beliefs
2. Practises
3. The End
II. The People's Temple
A. Jim Jones and his Dream
1. Jim Jones
2. The People's Temple
B. The People's Temple as a Religion
1. Theories and Beliefs
2. Practises
C. Negative Aspects
1. Manipulation
2. Jonestown
III. The Order of the Solar Temple
A. The Founders
1.Joseph DiMambro
2.Luc Jouret
B. Religious Structure and History
C. The Solar Temple as a Religion
1. The 7 Rules
2. Beliefs
3. The Solar Temple's Demise
Conclusion
Appendix A. Additional Pictures
Appendix B Interview with Prof. Rabinovitch
Bibliography

From the Paper
"In the beginning, the People's Temple was based on Christian values and beliefs, over time Jones theories were what the People's Temple were based upon. The Bible was used less frequently, while Jones had several theories, which could be dismissed as insane. Jones believed he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, Buddha, Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Jones also theorized that fascists were going to take over America. He believed that the People's Temple would be singled out, because vandals and racists harassed the Church while it was based in Indianapolis. (The Devil's Party, 67) In addition, Jones proposed Revolutionary suicide, which means his followers would die in the name of himself."

Tags:false, issues, messiahs, psychology, societal

Abstract
This paper recounts the origins of the Italian mafia and its migration to the United States. It discusses the glory years of La Cosa Nostra (LCN) and explores the illegitimate activities in an otherwise legitimate industrial world. Lastly, the paper examines the implementation of RICO, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, specifically, the mass round up of mafia bosses over two decades that crippled the foundation of the LCN.

From the Paper
"The situation in Sicily, at present, is similar to the US. A reverent hostility towards the mafia has swept through society and collapsed the organized crime structure. During mass arrests and incarcerations, the mob, in desperation, retaliated viciously against the justice system. Multiple assassinations, including that of Judge Giovanni Falcone, in the 1990s led to public outrage and the convictions of hundreds of Mafiosi, while turning thousands of associates into informants (Roots, 2005). An anti-mafia sediment has remained demonstrating intolerance for the previous, multi-generational, crime-dominant rule in Sicily."

Tags:mafia, RICO, corruption, arrest

Abstract
This paper discusses how understanding the ceiling of power that separates the enterprising successes of black versus other crime group control over crime activities, such as numbers gambling, require a thorough exploration of the interrelationships between their subsequent and independent histories, structure, and culture. In particular, the paper reviews the growth in power of black organized crime in Chicago and its interconnectivity with the Chicago political and economic structure, as well as with other ethnic organized crime groups.

From the Paper
"During the mid 1800s, over one thousand runaway black slaves migrated from the south to Chicago. They left behind discrimination, poverty, and slavery and headed north where African Americans found work, community, and education. They settled in the South Side district between 12th and 39th Street, close to Illinois Central Station, and as the migration of blacks increased, the district became known as the Black Belt (Lombardo, 2002). The ability to vote was foreign and novel to the new immigrants, however, they soon learned that with this came significant power. They quickly built of a number of gambling and drinking clubs to generate their economy. The Black Belt's first vice lord in 1890 was John "Mushmouth" Johnson. He operated several gambling houses in the Levee red-light district and sold protection within the Chinese quarter thus providing financial support to the black community. By 1912, 3000 black female sex trade workers lined the night streets of the Black Belt. "

Tags:slavery, Black, Belt

Abstract
This paper discusses the Sicilian mafia, describing it as the product of centuries old Sicilian organized crime that fosters enmeshed economic, political, and institutional relationships that are hidden and protected from legal interception. In particular, the paper explores the origins of the Sicilian mafia including their political manipulations and criminal activities. In addition, a review of struggles the mafia has faced, and in most cases overcome, is provided as well as an assessment of their role today in Sicilian society.

From the Paper
"Prior to the 1700s, the Sicilian aristocracy lived on large country estates. The 1700s witnessed a gradual migration of the wealthy to the developing economic centers of Palermo, Catania, and Messina. Needing managers to oversee the country estates, the aristocrats hired watchmen, or gabelloti. The year 1812 was marked by the abrogation of feudalism and the development of new property rights. This led to massive growth of landowners and gabelloti systematically became barons over the grand country estates and were instantly wealthy, and powerful (Bandiera, 2003). The gabelloti soon confronted other land barons and demanded protection money from them to ensure their properties were also secure and safe from criminal attacks. Within a short period, the Sicilian countryside was characterized by widespread labor abuses and the evolution of the Mafiosi bosses who took over mass property management (Schneider, 2008)."

Tags:extortion, aristocracy, Mafiosi

Abstract
This paper reviews the process of legalizing prostitution in the Netherlands. It looks at the history of prostitution in the region, tracing the views of the prohibitionists and the abolitionists, citing the Dutch Morality Act and the Dutch Brothel Act of 1911 and following the development of the regulation of the trade through to the modern day.

From the Paper
"The history of the Netherlands and the mentality shared by both the government and the citizens is a major aspect of the countrys legalization of prostitution. For centuries, Rotterdam, was known as one of the most prominent European ports. With thousands of sailors passing through the Dutch city, the existence of prostitution in the area was uncontrollable. Unlike many countries during the same time, the Dutch government chose to stay out of the sex lives of their citizens and therefore prostitution seemed to exist in a grey area of Dutch society. The open tolerance of prostitution continued until the religious Calvinist revolution in the early 1900's. This religious upheaval created open debates on the effect of prostitution on the moral standards of society. Two schools of thought emerged in the debate, the prohibitionists and the abolitionists."

Tags:regulation, law, prohibitionist, abolitionist, Dutch, Morality, Act, Dutch, Brothel, Act

Abstract
Law enforcement uses a wide range of tactics to expose and apprehend those involved in organized crime. This paper examines how surveillance is widely used to detect terrorist and paramilitary plots, drug and human trafficking activities, identity and information theft, money laundering, among other activities. Specifically, the paper explores the history of surveillance as an investigative tool, current surveillance trends, and controversies related to privacy rights.

From the Paper
"Detecting and monitoring criminal, political, and social patterns has a long history. Thousands of years ago, Ancient Egyptians kept massive records on its citizens' military involvement and immigration patterns. In the year 1086, the Normal administration began collecting data related to land holdings as a means of establishing military domains. Later, in 1831, the invention of the telegraph drew tremendous interest from law enforcement agencies that commenced a permanent dependent relationship between law enforcement surveillance capabilities and technological advancements. For instance, wiretapping surveillance followed soon after the invention of the telephone in 1876 (Hunter, 2007). Advances in electronics and computer technology have given law enforcement tremendous investigative tools however these developments have benefited organized crime at an even faster rate. Thus the vast challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in detecting criminal activities are overwhelming. "

Tags:privacy, rights, Internet, biometrics

Abstract
This paper discusses the delicate balance between the sanctity of lawyer-client privilege and the need to protect society. The paper begins by defining money laundering and presenting examples of lawyers who have been involved in money laundering. The paper then explains why the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) views lawyers as potential "gatekeepers" of the money laundering process. Next, the paper discusses the sanctity of lawyer-client privileges. A discussion on law enforcement efforts to balance the rights of the individual vs. the protection of society then follows. The paper concludes that this ethical dilemma of the relationship between lawyers' right to defend individuals and organized crime involved in money laundering creates topical discussions with no clear answers.

Outline:
Introduction
Money Laundering Defined
Examples of Lawyers Involved in Money Laundering
FATF Describes Lawyers as "Gatekeepers"
Ethics and the Sanctity of Lawyer Client Privilege
Balancing the Rights of the Individual versus the Protection of Society

From the Paper
"Balancing the protection of society versus defending individual rights is an ethical dilemma that criminal defense lawyers may experience. This is especially enhanced when lawyers represent the interests of organized crime. Money laundering endangers the social economic fabric of society and is linked to serious crimes of violence, drug trafficking and terrorism. Legislation is designed to assist law enforcement with investigating and prosecuting crimes such as money laundering. However, legalities have been overcome by professionals such as accountants, bank managers, insurance agents and lawyers. These professionals viewed as potential "gatekeepers" of the money laundering process can easily become embroiled into facilitating the needs of organized crime, either unwittingly or knowingly."

Tags:gatekeepers, financial, reporting, transactions

Abstract
This paper discusses the progress and activities of the Japanese Yakuza from centuries ago and describes how organized crime groups in Japan have prospered and grown over the years. Outlining the opportunistic nature of the Yakuza, the author explains how they have benefitted from the economic growth of Japan and even migrated to other countries. The paper also looks at the operational methods of the Yakuza as well as strategies of control applied to curb their influence and activities throughout Japan and internationally.

From the Paper
"Organized crime in Japan originated centuries ago following the end of feudalism. Gang activities stemmed from deviance and territorial disputes between displace Samurai and posing threats. Over time, the Samurai and other criminals became the Yakuza, a sophisticated and intertwined band of crime groups spanning across Japan and more recently migrating to other nations. The Yakuza has been over opportunistic, benefiting from the economic growth of the nation. They have fostered strong political ties and social legitimacy, by demonstrating intolerance towards assaults against the innocents or law enforcement, and yet have posed significant threat to Japan's economic stability."

Tags:organized crime, mafia, east-asian

Abstract
This paper explores the development of the heroin industry in Afghanistan, its key players, the forms of political corruption, smuggling routes and interventions applied. The paper shows why controlling the drug industry in Central and Eastern Asia is an insurmountable task and posits that collaboration and commitment by the bordering countries of Afghanistan is required to strategically thwart the transfer of drugs to other countries. The paper also believes that hitting the industry economically is the only means of reducing the production and trafficking of heroin.

From the Paper
"Afghanistan is an impoverished country, devastated from thirty years of war, prolonged drought, malnutrition, low life expectancy, and epidemic levels of HIV. It has created, and become, economically dependent upon a multi-billion dollar transnational heroin production, refining, and trafficking industry. In order to protect the industry, its political institution, which is completely corrupt and headed by drug lords, is alienated from and foreign to the contexts of mainstream political systems. Afghanistan has forcefully infiltrated surrounding countries as a means of forging smuggling pathways to Russia, Europe, and other global domains."

Tags:opium, drugs, corruption, war, lords, smuggling

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that sex trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime initiative and is expected to replace drugs and arms trafficking to become the number one most profitable enterprise within the next few years. The writer examines how victims are lured, how they survive the conditions and looks at criminal justice initiatives designed to intervene in the trafficking of women and children. The paper does not examine prostitution as a choice, rather, it is limited to those who have, against their will, become enthralled into the sex industry and are afforded no supports or exits by their captors. The writer maintains that prosecution must be the most important method of controlling sex trafficking crimes and concludes that long term imprisonments and attacking the financial stranglehold are the only ways to impact and perhaps control the growth of sex trafficking and its effect on society.

From the Paper
"Transnational sex trafficking and OC operate on three distinct levels: small, medium, and large scale networks. Small scale networks transport small groups of women to a single brothel operator on demand. Medium scale networks move masses of women and children from one country to various global markets. They negotiate prices with purchasers through open human auctions or other means and create false documents to aid travel. Large scale operations control all aspects of the business value chain commencing with recruitment, transportation, and control multi-national networks and facilities where they manage all service delivery. These large scale operations are more equipped to maximize profits. Seventy-five percent of OC sex trafficking operations are large scale enterprises where brothels are staffed by imprisoned prostitutes. As the sex trade industry's economic growth flourishes in countries like Malaysia and Thailand, ghetto brothels are being replaced by luxurious private clubs to appease increased demand by upper class consumers."

Tags:victim, offenders, prosecution, prostitutes