Abstract
This paper examines the impact of education and functional literacy on personal and public health from a socio-political perspective. After a brief overview of the general influence that educational attainment has on an individual's health, the paper discusses six specific pathways by which low levels of education serve as barriers to the maintenance of good health at both the personal and public levels. The paper concludes with recommendations for addressing the problems raised by limited educational attainment and functional literacy for personal and public health. The six recommendations fall into two broad categories: education-related strategies and health-related strategies.

Outline:
Introduction
General influences of education on health
Specific pathways that link education to health
Lifestyle choices and health related behaviors
Compliance with instruction and adherence to medical regimens
Age
Psychosocial status
Residential segregation
Environmental hazards
Strategies for addressing specific issues in education and health
Education related strategies
Health related strategies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is increasing evidence that education influences lifestyle choices and health-related behaviours, such as exercise, smoking, and diet (Lodi-Smith et al., 2010, p. 306; Power & Hertzman, 1999, p. 47). A study by Kubzansky et al. (1998) found that the incidence of smoking decreased sharply as the level of educational attainment increased and that more highly educated individuals tended to be more physically active and have a lower body mass index (BMI), suggesting that they maintained a healthier diet (p. 582)."

Tags:Education, functional literacy, health, lifestyle choices, learning

Abstract
This paper shows how art is an important part of education that is dying in many public schools. The writer examines how budget cuts often shift priorities to basic subjects leaving children without a formal art education. The paper states that art is a valuable tool that teaches children to communicate and also augments the learning process in subjects such as mathematics and language. Many studies have found that when children are exposed to art, it has valuable effects on their learning process.

From the Paper
"When implemented in public schools, art helps raise self-confidence while creating problem solving skills and communication. Unlike math and reading, when children create art they are always successful because there is no right or wrong in art. This gives a child a sense of achievement and success, raising their academic self-confidence. Art also helps children figure out how they want to express themselves, thus building problem-solving skills. Art focuses on making your internal thoughts external images or sounds creating a superior way for children to learn to communicate effectively. When you take all of these factors and apply them to a child s education the result is obvious. Studies show that the cognitive skills and spatial reasoning that art offers are essential for math. The communication of art often helps children become more successful in language classes. When a student becomes involved in an art program, the drop out rate dramatically decreases. Art is an exciting and fun way for students to feel more successful in school."

Tags:academic, art, confidence, education, school, self

Abstract
This paper discusses certain research methods and types of research and the importance of ethics in research. The author feels that when carrying out research it is extremely important that the research is conducted in a safe and ethical manner. He feels that researchers must ensure that the rights of the research subjects are not violated in any way. This paper contains excerpts from studies on the matter and their conclusions.

From the Paper
" "Educational researchers have good intentions, but if they are not careful, their studies can place individuals in situations that involve risk" (Gall, 1996). Data collection, and analysis, subject selection, research procedure, credibility of the researcher and the worth of the study are all ethical issues that those wishing to perform a study face. Often researchers are the victims of poor planning or inexperience and their subjects suffer for it. "

Tags:educational, ethical, ethics, research, technology, data, collection, analysis

Abstract
This paper begins with an overview of some of the major ideas of human development. The overview includes a discussion of Eric Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, and Jean Piaget's four major stages of cognitive development. The paper suggests that teachers who understand these theories have a better chance of applying them in the classroom and boosting their students' self-esteem. Finally, a soft and relaxing classroom environment, emotionally responsive teachers, effective discipline strategies and multi-cultural classrooms are discussed as ways of putting the development theories into practice.

From the Paper
"They also want to do many things that adults do and in the process, and if they overstep their bounds a little, they might feel a little guilty. One example of this is when a 3 year old wanted to make breakfast for her parents one Sunday morning. She got out all of the condiments, milk, and eggs from the refrigerator, and set them on the floor. She was about to start "cooking" when her mom got up. The child was in trouble, because she tried to do "adult" things, but was developmentally unable to complete her "mission". Her parents were worried about her safety, but she didn't see it that way and felt bad about what happened."

Tags:bandura, developmental, education, erikson, piaget, psychology, teachers, teaching

Abstract
This paper reports on the negative, emotional, psychological, and even physical consequences that result from the use of corporal punishment as a form of discipline for children. The paper cites studies that show how ineffective corporal punishment is as a method for teaching discipline and lessons on morality and how it actually achieves just the opposite of its intended purpose.

From the Paper
"In a core survey of 10 childhood development experts for his book How to Help Your Child Develop Successfully, B. Von Haller Gilmer reports that 80% of his interviewees stated that " an occassional spanking is a good thing when 'given moderately, juslty, and when other forms of discipline prove ineffective' " (Gilmer, 1951 p.86). However, when asked if corporal punishment is an effective tool which should be implemented on a consistent basis, nearly all of his experts (including the above 80%) demonstrated a consensus that physical discipline should not be a routine component of parental control. These experts, a panel of scholars and writers in the field of child psychology state that " spanking should rarely, if ever, be necessary in the well-trained child, no physical punishment should be used until the plan of denying rewards has failed to cope with the problem," and physical punishment should bot be used as " a regular method of controlling the child" (Gilmer, 1951 p.86). Repeated use of corporal punishment is advocated by none of these authorities, and even the 80% who offer that an occasional spanking may be helpful maintain that this mode of discipline should be a last resort (Gilmer, 1951). An overarching sentiment that physical punitive discipline should be avoided as much as possible pervades the responses of nearly all of the specialists participating in this study."

Tags:child-rearing, program, development, respect, adult, position, problems, pain, embarrassment

Abstract
The paper explains Erikson's theory that the biggest challenge for children in early childhood is the development of initiative. The paper outlines what the goal of teachers should be in the classroom and what methods there are for a teacher to achieve these goals. The paper therefore shows how an understanding of development stages can help teachers to assist children in reaching their potential.

From the Paper
"Although no individual develops in exactly the same manner as another, researchers in the fields of biology, psychology and sociology have outlined rough guidelines for human development. The most common theories of human development include stages that an individual passes through, in which a new skill or ability is acquired in each stage. Skills and abilities may take the form of physical skills, mental and cognitive skill, or emotional skills. The difference between stages is most pronounced in the early years of development, or in other words, in children. What a seven year old is able to logically reason through is likely to be very different from the logical reasoning of a 5 year old or an 11 year old. Thus, it is very important that individuals working with young children, especially teachers, have an adequate understanding of human development. Without such an understanding, a teacher may run into numerous problems within the educational environment and may fail to best serve his or her students."

Tags:initiative, guilt, diversity, cognition, reasoning

Abstract
The paper discusses the development of a child between conception and birth and S. Cooper's research on fetal alcohol syndrome. The paper discusses the first few years of life and the development of attachment as researched by Harry Harlow, early childhood and middle childhood and their psychosocial challenges as identified by Erik Erikson and adolescent teenagers' sense of egocentrism as illustrated by David Elkind. The paper then looks at young adulthood and Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning development and middle adulthood's challenge as theorized by Erik Erikson. Finally, the paper addresses late adulthood and the development of Alzheimer's disease and end of life issues as defined by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.

Outline:
Conception through Birth
First Three Years of Life
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood
End of Life

From the Paper
"There are a number of different dangers that can threaten the healthy development of a child between the time of conception and birth. A child begins as a zygote until its first 2 weeks, then moves on to being an embryo between 3 and 8 weeks, and finally, is considered a fetus from 9 weeks until birth (usually around 38 weeks). The first three months of pregnancy are the most dangerous for an unborn child, and during this time a child can be threatened by teratogens, which are harmful agents in the prenatal environment that can have negative impacts on a child's development. One of the most common of teratogens is alcohol. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to a syndrome called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which causes mental retardation, abnormally small size, as well as organ, facial and limb abnormalities."

Tags:egocentrism, attachment, fetal, alcohol, syndrome, Alzheimer's, moral, reasoning

Abstract
This paper examines how parents and caregivers play a vital role in helping children learn and how it is important for parents and teachers to support children's learning and development, enhance learning through play, and help a child develop confidence and self-worth. It looks at how education innovators, such as Jean Piaget, Robert Owen, Jan Amos Komensky, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, have all had a great impact on education today and discusses how these innovators have impacted the author's belief about how parents and caregivers play a vital role in a child's learning.

From the Paper
"Play is one of the main ways in which children learn. Because play is fun, children often become absorbed in what they are doing. It is important for a parent and a caregiver to provide appropriate materials for children to explore. Also, it is important for the parent and caregiver to give the child freedom in what they are exploring, and to facilitate the child. As Piaget stated, "Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of the child are two primary instructional techniques. It is recommended that parents and teachers challenge the child's abilities, but NOT present material or information that is too far beyond the child's level." (http://ship.edu/-cgboeree/piaget.html) The materials provided must be developmentally appropriate for the children. Also, they should meet the children's interests."

Tags:amos, jacques, jan, jean, komensky, owen, piaget, robert, rousseau

Abstract
This paper reviews the TELD-3 or the Test of Early Language Development - Third Edition, a standardized screening test assessing language capabilities in children between two to seven years of age. The paper describes the contents of the test kit and discusses the measuring tools used in this system. The paper also praises the TELD-3 for being a child friendly assessment tool that can be effectively used to assess receptive language and expressive language strengths and weaknesses within a child, as well as to evaluate student progress after interventions. The paper also points out, however, that as the norms for the TELD-3 were derived from a sample of children residing in 35 American states it is limited by it's American formed results and its bias towards the English language.

From the Paper
"The TELD-3 is a child friendly assessment tool. Test items involve realistic, colored pictures that hold the child's interest. In addition, test items are varied and involve activities such as listening to a story. For younger children, test materials also include actual objects, such as a doll, shoe and blocks. As a result of the stimulating format of the test, children are less likely to become bored and restless. Also, the test procedure is designed to facilitate breaks in between subtests, thus reducing fatigue in test takers."

Tags:learning measurement, language development, children

Abstract
The following paper explores the psychological impact the high rate of marital breakdown have on children and how these effects impact on society. The marital breakdown addressed in this paper is between heterosexual couples. To examine this topic a review of literature has been conducted. A comparison of children living in intact families and children living in divorced families has been completed to demonstrate the similarities and differences. This paper also discusses the effects on members of society of the high divorce rate and the positive outcomes of divorce.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Mediators of Divorce
Economic Effects of Divorce
Effects of Conflict on Children
Effects of Absence of Non-Custodial Parents
Effects of Remarriage
Long Term Effects of Divorce on Children
Effects on Society
The Positive Consequences of Divorce

From the Paper
Some children experience an easier adjustment to divorce while others display difficulties for a long period of time. Factors have been identified that ease the adjustment for children. These conditions include supportive interactions with family members and friends, having effective coping strategies and accessibility to any needed mental health interventions (Cooney, Hutchinson and Leather). The effects of divorce can be lessened also if the parents act without hostility, if children s relationships with their parents are continuous, and if the children s financial needs are provided for by the parents (Thompson and Amato). Thus, reducing life stresses will moderate the impact of divorce on children.

Tags:significant, contributor, adjustment, effective, parenting, custodial, parent, accurate, indicator, youth, adjustment, moderator, adolescents