Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief geological history of the mountain, separating it into nine different periods. It then examines various lava types found in the area. The paper moves to modern day when the first actual threat was realized for eruption. It discusses the process of eruption and the different types of blast - lateral blast (direct blast zone, channelized blast zone, seared zone); vertical blast and pyroclastic flows. It concludes with an analysis of the aftermath and its effect on wildlife in the area.

From the Paper
"On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helen's in southwestern Washington erupted with a massive explosion. Leading up to this day was increasingly intense earthquake activity. There were also lots of relatively weak eruptions and many locations of minuet gas discharge. The devastating impact of the suddenly unleashed volcanic energy caused the worst volcanic and geological disaster in the recorded history of the United States."

Tags:lava, volcano, pyroclastic, zone, blast

Abstract
This paper discusses how ecological footprints, effective ecological tools used to help maintain our world, impose many questions in sustaining the earth's life. Charts are included with the paper.

Defining Our Ecological Footprint
Dependency on Nature
Carrying Capacity of Cities and Earth
Comparison between Countries
Natural Capita: Effects on the Earth
Impact of the World Economies
Solutions

From the Paper
"The world economy has a great impact on the ecological footprints of the world. Every country wants to obtain economic growth to produce more money. But in doing this, they have to deplete their natural capital, which in turn, is not helping in sustaining this world. As William Rees states, "there is simply not enough on the planet to sustain present international development trends using prevailing technologies" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). So something drastic has to be done. As the ecological footprints of humans are already too large for the earth to handle, how can we accommodate the rising materials and rising in population, while trying to sustain the earth. Most analysts agree that it can happen in two ways: through a reduction in the standard of living or through the increase in material and energy efficiency (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). These two issues also apply problems, through cultural, economic, and social values. Especially in the more developed countries. To lower the standard of living would be outright rejected in the more developed countries such as Canada and the U. S. So indeed, most people agree that "global sustainability is achievable only through large increases in the consumption of goods and services in both poorer and richer countries" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). But still a problem arises. There will still be inequity in the growth of the more and less developed countries. It seems the richer get richer and the poorer get poorer. A consensus seems to be emerging though. They say that the needed consumption will work if there is a reduction in the material energy costs of goods and services. "

Tags:capacity, carrying, footprints, economy, world, natural, capita, sustainability, consumption, food, ecology, countries, cities, earth, nature

Abstract
This paper presents the background and current information with regards to sustainable development and some of the problems that are associated with the term. The paper discusses many of these areas of concern and provides possible remedies for this initiative, which is mainly the need to ensure a common direction or path.

Introduction
History
Perspectives on Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Principles
Business, Politics, and the Environment
Technology
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Many view sustainable development as a concept that should be incorporated into our ways of thinking and into the policies that govern our society. The environment is continuing to enter a state of serious threat, and sustainable development is a means in which growth and profit are still able to occur, and the protection of the environment is the utmost importance. Sustainable development is a concept that cannot only be incorporated into the many aspects of planning but it is also an essential component of management initiatives."

Tags:environment, environmental, science, principle

Abstract
This is an essay on solar panels that explains the history of their development. It examines how they work, different types and their practical application, losses, home systems, positioning, economics, and the future of photovoltaics.

From the Paper
"Presently millions of people use solar electricity every day, anyone reading this essay will more than likely have used it unknowingly many times before. A simple calculator usually posses a small solar panel, some watches have solar panel faces, and the screen on a laptop that's just a solar panel working in reverse. Yet major generation of solar electricity has remained relatively miniscule. Now we are in the year 2003, and there are many signs it is gathering strength fast. Solar is poised to become a vital contributor to world energy production. It's almost surreal to think that solar provides clean energy, less smog, less air pollution and diminishes our dependence on fossil fuels. If our modern society wishes to proceed with ever advancing standards of living, we need to move into the future where solar and others can provide us with the environmentally friendly energy our society is destined for. This destiny is becoming more and more a reality as electricity prices skyrocket, power disruptions abound, and blackouts become more frequent. The opportunity for personal generation is predicted to reach 26% of total world generation by 2040 (Photovoltaics Bulletin 2002). In the near future solar energy generation will produce significant amounts of electricity with its advanced technology, leading economics and residential systems."

Tags:alternative, electricity, energy, environment, generation, photovoltaic, renewable, sun, sustainability

Abstract
A look at why the Green Movement has failed in creating mass hype due to the limitations put forth by increasing conflict between humans and nature at a global level, the prevailing value of rationalization in society today, scientific uncertainty and the lack of a collective goal. The paper shows that the ramification of this is reflected in the inability of today's society to change the existing attitudes and actions towards the natural world and its resources.

From the Paper
"The Green Movement is an ecological organization that aims to change both the current abusive ideas and actions of humans towards nature. In light of the green theory of value, which holds humans should be interconnected with nature, the Green movement views human agency as the ultimate force that will lead to transformation at respectively, the individual, collective, institutional and structural levels of society. Numerous supporters have called for increased participation through certain social classes, decentralization of resources (political, economical, educational and/or social), and through common sense based on a universal ideology. The Green Movement, however, fails to attract widespread participation by not only the masses, but large-scale institutions themselves, due to the limitations put forth by increasing conflict between humans and nature at a global level, the prevailing value of rationalization in society today, scientific uncertainty and the lack of a collective goal. The ramification of this is reflected in the inability of today's society to change the existing attitudes and actions towards the natural world and its resources."

Tags:environment, green, modernity, movement, rationality, sociology

Abstract
This paper discusses some aspects of the Kyoto Protocol and attempts to explain the urgency of it. The author also explains global warming it's causes and effects, by giving examples of companies that have thrived on being more "eco-friendly", and also examples of why the Kyoto Protocol will not be as detrimental as many predict.

From the paper:

"Global warming is not a myth but a present reality due to the extreme amounts of greenhouse gases that industrialized countries emit daily. The Kyoto Protocol, as this paper while argue, is a preventative measure of this horrific possibility."

Tags:environment, gas, greenhouse, sustainability

Abstract
This essay contains the history of the pesticide DDT and it's uses within the environment. DTT is a harmful pesticide which has been detrimental to the environment, and has caused a decline in a variety of species. The author focuses specifically on the effects of the pesticide on the environment.

From the Paper
" As earth's population grows so does the demand for food, and the use of pesticides has become essential in meeting this demand. The first important synthetic organic pesticide was a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. DDT was discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Meller. In its early days, DDT was a popular pesticide because it was toxic to a wide range of insect pests, yet it appeared to have low toxicity to mammals. DDT was also persistent, which meant the pesticide didn't break down rapidly in the environment and therefore did not need to be reapplied often and since DDT was insoluble it did not wash off by rain or other weather conditions. Although gradually throughout time it was discovered that many insects had developed resistance to DDT, and it was discovered that DDT did in fact pose to be harmful to the ecosystem. This discovery created wide public interest and made people aware that chemicals were polluting the environment. As a result DDT was banned for use in North America and other countries in the early 1970's. Though pesticides, such as DDT, may decrease the number of insects, throughout history it has been proven that there is a detrimental effect upon the environment, animals and humans as a result."

Tags:ecology, ecosystem, damage

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of environmental pollution on pollinators, specifically the honeybee, and how this organism can be used as an indicator of environmental health. Emphasis is placed on examining the toxicity and effect of various pesticides including DDT, malathion and various fungicides. In addition, the influence on the health of pollinators from atmospheric heavy metal pollution is addressed. The importance of the honeybee to the future of agriculture is the theme throughout this essay.

From the Paper
?Bees are one of the most important elements of agriculture. They are one of the most widespread and efficient pollinators. For this reason, the effects of pollution on bees is an ever growing area of interest for many scientists who fear that bee populations may be at risk from human activity. Air pollution from vehicles and industry can have adverse effects on bee populations. However, one of the greatest areas of concern is the effect of pesticides due to the direct and sometimes high exposure of foraging bees to these toxic chemicals."

Tags:agriculture, crop, environment, environmental, honey, pesticide, pollen

Abstract
Soil is an incredibly important resource and maintaining the fertility of our soils is a pressing issue at the forefront of environmental science as we try to feed an expanding global population. Queensland, Australia is one area of the world where soil is being depleted and degraded at an alarming rate. Through an examination of this specific resource management problem, this essay analyzes the concept of impact assessment to develop fair, efficient and effective solutions to this environmental problem.

From the Paper
?The preservation and conservation of the worlds soil is a serious resource management problem. The sustainable use of our soil will be a major challenge for the human species for many years to come. When assessing the impact of any resource management problem and developing feasible solutions to that problem certain factors must be taken into consideration. Examining the fairness, efficiency and effectiveness of a proposed solution is paramount to its potential success. A solution for soil loss that is completely unfair to farmers or ranchers will be rigorously opposed and impossible to implement.?

Tags:agriculture, argoforestry, arid, crop, degradation, depletion, desert, desertification, farmland, land, management, marginal, resource, salinisation

Abstract
This paper examines the dangers of the notorious chemical DDT and shows why it should be banned by the year 2007, as environmentalist groups have aimed to do. The paper covers issues relating to the chemical including a growing resistance to its use, effective alternatives and the extent of its environmental destruction.

From the Paper
"The environmental damage that DDT causes is enough in itself to justify a total ban. DDT is a very persistent chemical and because if its molecular structure breaks down very slowly within nature. There are rough estimates that the half-life of DDT is around 12-15 years depending on the climate it is exposed to. This is partly why it is so dangerous in the environment. Another factor is that DDT is able to travel great distances, and is found every where throughout the globe. This is a strange and disturbing discovery because some places have never been sprayed before, such as Antarctica and the ocean bottoms. The spraying of DDT has unintentionally killed some main predators of the mosquito. Dragonfly larva hunt mosquito larva in puddles and stagnant ponds and also the adult dragonfly will hunt adult mosquitoes further reducing their numbers. DDT has worked in the past but as it destroyed fragile ecosystems it has now increased mosquito numbers. DDT is also the linked chemical responsible for the decline in the population of the Bald eagle and the Peregrine falcon. These two species are at the top of the food chain, thus their prey usually have been exposed to DDT."

Tags:bioaccumilation, malaria, Bacillus, Thuringiensis