Abstract
This essay compares the Cambodian and Rwandan genocides to the Holocaust in Europe in the 1930s and 40s. The paper examines who the victims were in each instance as well as whom the perpetrators were that committed these heinous acts. The paper then looks look at the methods and mechanisms used to kill the victims and their degree of efficiency and how they differed in each instance compared to the Holocaust. The paper discusses the time frame and geographic locations, in order to understand the killings better. The paper also tries to explain why these genocides occurred. In conclusion, this paper shows that through methods such as fear and death, all three genocides accomplished the murder of the innocent for the ultimate goal of power none more then the Nazi Holocaust in Europe.

From the Paper
"Throughout the twentieth century, many atrocities have been committed against various ethnic groups throughout the world. Some have been on a large mass scale, with extreme precision and efficiency, others were more primitive. These various scales can be looked at by means of the total number of people killed, the time span it took to kill and dispose of the bodies and the number of people removed forcibly from their homes and taken to other counties to be exterminated. The Holocaust in Europe was the most unique genocide in history. There have not been any other genocides that have been the same since the 1930/40s' massacres on the level of scale or precedence. The killing efficiency that was experienced in the Nazi death camps throughout Europe that claimed the lives of countless victims has not been seen since."

Tags:Nazi, Hitler, anti-semitic, mass, killing, tragedy

Abstract
This paper discusses the historical background of the Spanish Inquisition of the 15th century. It specifically shows how the Inquisition was used to eradicate heresy and safeguard the unanimity of Christendom in Spain. It discusses the role of the Catholic Church and how the Inquisition was finally suppressed by Queen Isabella II 356 years after it was started.

Table of Contents:
Background
Origin and Aims
Conclusion

From the Paper
"On Wednesday, March 15th, 1391 his harangue was particularly effective, and his audience was roused to a high pitch of frenzy. On its way from the church, a turbulent crowd, thirsting with zeal and greed, surged towards the Jewish quarter, which seemed to be in imminent danger of sack. The civil authorities were at last awakened to the necessity of stern measures. Seizing two of the most turbulent members of the mob, they had them flogged, turned them into martyrs overnight. After some further disturbances, order was outwardly restored: but the spirit of unrest still simmered and Martinez continued his unbridled invective from the pulpit. These seemingly unimportant disorders are to be traced some of the greatest tragedies in history - the darkest page in the dark record of the Jewish people, one of the saddest episodes in the history of human thought, and the ultimate decline of sprain from the high status to which her achievements and her genius entitled her - everything, in a word, which is associated with the term, "the Spanish Inquisition"."

Tags:Christendom, Isabella, Jews

Abstract
This essay argues that the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was due to a lack of real power. The paper demonstrates how, after 1848, the Empire?s strength was derived from alliances with other nations, and then explains the consequences of such a reliance.

From the Paper
"The existence of an empire over many centuries, or even into relatively modern times, often supposes great intrinsical power associated with such an empire. The task of expanding, dominating and controlling resources from which such power is derived is an enormous task. In the case of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, however, much of the power associated with the monarchy was present due to reasons other than a monopolization of resources or violence. It is said that the pen is mightier than the sword, and in the case of the Habsburgs, this proverb is easily proven. The military and diplomatic alliances forged, stumbled on, and generally experienced by Austro-Hungary were, to a large degree, responsible for the maintenance of the central European power. Of course, no monarchy wishes its power to be derived from the associations it has with other states, but for the lack of any other source of power, it does have its benefits. These benefits are sometimes more than outweighed by the obligations such alliances impose, and the consequences of breaking such alliances. The Habsburg monarchy was no stranger to these consequences, as they had a great deal to do with the eventual dissolution of the empire."

Tags:austria, habsburg, hungary, monarchy

Abstract
This paper tracks the fall of the Spanish Empire over the 19th Century. Starting with the Napoleonic Wars and following the Empires demise into the 20th Century, the essay shows that great-power status is easier to obtain than maintain. It examines the reasons why the Empire fell, delving into economic analysis and socio-political environments.

From the Paper
"European power and diplomacy has changed drastically over the past two centuries. With the onset and the outcome of both the First and Second World Wars, the map and power structures of Europe have been radically altered. Russia emerged as a leading European power and Germany, with its direct involvement in both World Wars, established itself as a country with important European power. Today, Great Britain, Russia, and Germany are seen as vital leaders in European affairs and even France is remembered as the once great power that it was. Many grand powers of the modern period are no longer even remembered as the leaders that they used to be and this is certainly true in the case of Spain. Spain, whose empire at the turn of the nineteenth century was the largest in the world is today mysteriously missing from the roster of European countries of authority. It is the purpose of this paper to discover what events and circumstances of the nineteenth century led to the ultimate demise of the Spanish Empire. Although previous centuries will not be directly discussed in this paper, it is important to note that the decline of the Spanish Empire had already begun before the turn of the century."

Tags:spanish, government, europe

Abstract
Detailed look at the Peace of Augsburg, and a look at some of the secondary sources used in researching the topic.

From the Paper
"A number of historians have commented on the Religious Peace of Augsburg in their historical documentations about 16th century German politics. There are a number of viewpoints surrounding the Religious Peace of Augsburg, and most of them converge when discussing the lack of foresight of Charles V and the writers of this declaration, in that it established not a lasting peace, but a temporary one. Historian Thomas Lindsay presents a very optimistic view in describing the Religious Peace of Augsburg in saying that it represented a major victory in favor of religious freedom. He also states that this peace didn't grant much by our modern standards, it did lay the footing for prospective promise."

Tags:1555, augsburg, of, peace, religious, the

Abstract
This essay researches Germany's history from industrialization to the post modern period in an effort to relate Germany's history and economic development to the way fascism and Nazism developed. From there, it is investigated whether Soviet rule in the east, or Allied rule in the west better suited Germany's historical developments. It was the allied capitalist system that better suited Germany, as seen in the "West German Miracle".

Tags:allied, berlin, east, germany, ii, stalin, wall, war, west, world

Abstract
A study of Crytography, the science of mesage encryption. It discusses the history of cryptography and its development during World War II. It discusses the Enigma machine and carefully details its instructions for use. It also discusses cracking the Enigma and includes examples of this in history. This paper analyzes the Enigma and concludes that all codes will eventually be cracked by dedicated and bright Cryptanalysts no matter how complex the algorithm. Also, security is more than just having a brilliant machine. It was not the Enigma that failed in World War II, it was human error.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Early Cipher Technology
The Enigma Machine
Receiving Instructions
Cracking the Enigma
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cryptography can thought of as the science of message encryption. The battle between Cryptographers (code makers) and Cryptanalysts (code breakers) has been waged since 3000 BC as each tries to outwit the other. Cryptography is essential in performing secure transactions, governing countries and commanding armies. The threat of messages being decrypted has been the motivation for cryptographers to develop new, more complex algorithms in hopes of temporarily staying one step ahead of the Cryptanalysts. Likewise, the motivation for breaking codes can be the difference between winning a war and losing it. As a result, the coder breakers and their computers rose to prominence during their battle in World War II versus the Enigma cipher machine."

Tags:cipher, computer, decryption, encryption, enigma, Germany, history, rejewski, turing, wwii

Abstract
This paper examines the actions of Christopher Columbus and reveals his underlying motivations. It is demonstrated that the demands he made were outrageous and he sailed only out of greed. He deceived his crew and manipulated the King and Queen of Castile in a desperate attempt for wealth and glory. It looks at how Columbus' incredible brutality toward the natives not only set a pattern for future contacts between Europeans and Indians but finally outraged the authorities in Spain to the point where he was brought home in chains.

From the Paper
"In the spring of 1486 Columbus brought his plan of a westward voyage to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castile. Instead of immediately approving his proposition, they appointed a special commission to carefully study his proposals. The commission took four years to make its report and during that time Columbus unsuccessfully took his plan to England and Portugal. When the Spanish commission gave its report, it too condemned his proposed expedition as impractical. Ferdinand and Isabella were too preoccupied with the conquest of the Muslim kingdom of Granada and had no time for voyages into the unknown. Despite all this, they hinted that it might be worth trying again in a few months."

Tags:1492, conquest, discovery, new, salvador, san, spain, voyage, world

From the Paper
"Louisbourg (Nova Scotia, Canada) was constructed as a result of a crisis in French colonial development. France possessed one of the largest colonial empires the world had ever seen. The French colonies stretched from India, the West Indies, into the heart of what is now Canada. France and England had been at war with minor interruptions from 1689-1713. Europe formed a coalition to resist France during the war of the Spanish Succession, which left France both militarily and financially exhausted. "

Tags:canada, england, france, history, louisbourg, of, treaty, utrecht

Abstract
Beginning with a definition of the term renaissance, this paper explores, through specific examples of writing, art and architecture, how and why the Italian renaissance may be characterized as a glorification of human power and human activity. Petrarch and his contemporaries are presented as examples of a return to classical idealism in Europe. Further, an exploration of the dignity of man, as well as renaissance art and architecture are detailed, giving weight to the paper's thesis. Specific art examples discussed in the paper include the Merode Altarpiece (1425-1428) by Master of Flemalle, Michelangelo Buonarrotis' David and Bramante's Tempietto.

From the Paper
"The Renaissance, from the French word renaissance and the Italian word rinascita, both meaning rebirth, is considered by some to have officially begun in 1341 when Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) was crowned in Rome with the Laurel wreath, the ancient symbol of victory and merit. Petrarch, as one of the first humanist writers, explored modern life through the lens of the ancient Romans and Greeks. Both Petrarch and his contemporary Boccaccio (1313-1375) "were famous in their own day as poets, scholars and men of letters - their achievements equivalent in honor to those of the heroes of civic virtue." As the word humanism suggests, the principle concerns of its advocates were human values and human interests, which are distinct from, but not entirely opposed to, the other worldly values of Christianity."

Tags:bramante, merode, michelangelo, petrarch