Abstract
This paper examines how the Egyptians were a civilization that impressionably influenced Western society and they did so through their artwork, architecture and literature, which permeated Western society?s thought and created an architectural intrigue which still exists in present day. Incorporating a vast amount of primary and secondary resources, this paper is a detailed analysis of the Egyptian legacy.

From the Paper
"Egyptian literature varies widely including Pyramid texts, which were named for their location - in the pyramid tombs of the pharaohs, stories, hymns, wisdom texts, poems, love songs, biographical and historical texts, scientific treatises, and mathematical and medical texts. The Pyramid texts are the oldest and most popular form of Egyptian literature. They coincide with the rise of pyramids in the Old Kingdom. They served as a way to guide the tomb owner to the afterlife, enchanting him with incantations to secure his safe passage, sometimes describing his achievements on earth in order to gain favor with the gods."

Tags:architecture, egyptology, humanities, literature

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution with the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution. It provides a detailed analysis of the background history and politics of each revolution, the main people involved and the final results of two of the most significant revolutions of the 20th century.

From the Paper
"The 20th century was one of worldwide revolution. Every continent experienced at least one revolution during this time, and these greatly affected the world as we know it today. Two revolutions - the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949 and the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979 - were particularly important. Both of these revolutions introduced new elements of change to nations dominated at the time by pro-Western influences. Mao empowered the rural peasantry in China to rise up against the Kuomintang elite and to seek a utopian and egalitarian Socialist society."

Tags:ayatollah, communism, cpc, cult, egalitarian, guerilla, guomindang, husain

Abstract
The paper examines the beginnings of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) from their bases in Jordan and Lebanon. The paper discusses how the PLO became an international terrorist organization and how its splinter organizations of Islamic Jihad, Hamas and Abu Nidal developed.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Growth of the PLO and International Terrorism
Karamah
Black September: PLO Terrorism Spreads to Europe
The Invasion of Lebanon
Abu Nidal: Origins, Structure, and Operations
Summary

From the Paper
"Israel truly has a strong military presence in the Middle East. This presence has been felt by Arab nations during various wars. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) found that terrorist acts were the best means for attacking Israel. Under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, the PLO waged considerable attacks on Israel throughout the years. Israel fought back and weakened the PLO on numerous occasions. However, Arafat regrouped and obtained various allies such as German terrorists to bring the PLO to the forefront of international terrorism. This power has subsided with Arafat conducting peace talks; however, other terrorist groups have taken the place of the PLO."

Tags:Munich, Olympics, Abu, Nidal, Karamah, Arafat

Abstract
This paper discusses the OPEC organization in the 1970s, and its effects, which are examined through a neo-realist framework, and therefore show how the examination of utility-maximizing states both explains and provides meaning to the OPEC issue. OPEC's actions are presented as an example of a counter-hegemonic movement, which, rather than undermining the hegemonic control of the West, was unsuccessful and resulted in OPEC's incorporation into the global economic system.

From the Paper
"Starting in the 1970s, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel managed to achieve an unprecedented level of control over the economies of the developed Western world, extracting billions of dollars of wealth and damaging the macro-economies of these nations."

Tags:economy, international, oil, opec, political, politics, science, hegemonic, movement, incorporation, economic

Abstract
This paper explains how the Suez crisis of 1956 marked a decisive military defeat, yet it was a great political and economic victory for President Nasser, Egypt, and the entire Arab world. It shows how the nationalization of the canal provided the Arab world with the hero it so badly needed. Nasser provided guidance for his people and also provided an end to the period of Western imperial dominance in Egypt.

From the Paper
"With Nasser's nationalization of Suez, the Western powers were furious regarded the nationalization as "theft." What came to be known as the Tripartite aggression in the East, the collaboration of Britain, France, and Israel all began to deploy troops for Suez immediately.10 All of the involved nations had their concerns with Nasser's nationalization of the canal, but the four nations most chiefly concerned with the affair were Britain, France, the United States, and Israel.11 The Western powers of Britain, France, and the United States were much more concerned with the economic aspect of its nationalization, rather than the physical usage of it. For the West, Suez represented the quickest, most economical means of shipping to India and the far East. Both Britain and France had major economic interests in the canal12 and British ships represented seventy percent of the canal's daily traffic. As Terrence Robertson put it, the Suez canal was "the spinal cord of the British Empire."13 With respect to the United States, the only reason that they did not take immediate military action is that of the ramifications it would have had on the Cold War and their already tense relationship with the Soviet Union.14 Other reasons for hostility among the Westerners include the fact that Nasser had been aiding the Algerians in their movement against the French, Israel was angry about their banishment from the gulf of Aqueba and perhaps from Suez altogether upon total Egyptian control."

Tags:arab, aswan, britain, dam, egypt, league, nasser, oppression

Abstract
This paper focuses on the covenant between God and "His" people and shows how God's covenant has translated through time and adapted itself to the people. It identifies the similarities between Judaism and Christianity, but more so, it concedes that Christianity is the type that followed Judaism by using the Old and New Testament with a specific emphasis on Paul's writings. It shows how Paul's views on Christianity and Judaism share the common bonds of the faith and provide the early Christians with an action plan as well as an understanding that Christianity was part of the plan from the very beginning.

From the Paper
"The basis of Judaism is the old covenant, which has its origins at Mt. Sinai when Moses received the Ten Commandments and recorded the other statues concerning the sacrificial system. Paul compares the old covenant to Hagar, (a slave and concubine of Abraham) in Gal. 4:24-26, and admonishes the Galatians to "Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which Christ has made us free, and do not be entangled again with a yoke of bandage." (Gal. 5:1) Specifically, the "yoke of bondage" as mentioned in Gal. 5:1 refers to the old covenant and the practice of those who turned the laws into a burden and who felt that merely obeying the laws would save them."

Tags:god, covenant, sinai, abraham, christ

From the Paper
"Iran is a country located in the Middle East. The main source of income for the country is oil, the one object that had greatly influenced its history. Iran's present government is run as an Islamic Republic. A president, cabinet, judicial branch, and Majilesor or legislative branch, makes up the governmental positions. A revolution that overthrew the monarch, which was set in 1930, lasted over 15 years. Crane Brinton's book, An Anatomy of a Revolution, explains set of four steps a country experiences when a revolution occurs. Symptoms, rising fever, crisis, and convalescence are the steps that occur. The Iranian Revolution followed the four steps in Crane Brinton's theory, symptoms, rising fever, crisis, and convalescence occurred. "

Tags:iranian, revolution, middle, east

Abstract
This paper breaks the war down, and gives details of the events of each day. The paper also looks at the broader political picture and how this conflict fits into it. By recounting a brief history of the Middle East post World War II and examining the events of the Six-Day War, this paper reveals how Israel's military progress was both advanced and restricted by the influence of the Super-powers in the region.

From the Paper
"The Six Days War was essentially a regional conflict until one considers its broader Cold War strategic implications. As a client of the United States, Israel was able to utilize its air power to its fullest, allowing the Israeli army to make astounding gains in the course of a few days. So dominant was the air superiority of Israel that the conquest of the Arab nations surrounding it seemed almost inevitable. Further, support from the United States in the form of military hardware and diplomatic inaction allowed Israel to prosecute the war more effectively and to extend its dominance over its Arab neighbors in less than a week. Conversely, the threat of intervention by the USSR, in order to protect strategic interests in the region, prevented Israel from completely conquering the Middle East. "

Tags:abdel, egypt, gamal, jew, liberty, nasser, negev, palestine, semite

Abstract
This paper explores the underlying motives for "Operation Iraqi Freedom" and questions whether it is about the liberation of people from the whims of a madman or simply a clash of civilizations. It examines the underlying premise behind the current (2003) war and analyzes Saddam Hussein as a rising global threat and his contribution to terrorism. The paper also explores the the cultural clashes between Western and Arabic civilization and the role that oil plays in the current dispute. Finally, the paper uses research based on Samuel P. Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilizations", (1993).

From the Paper
"The current war is by no means new. It has simply extended west. Iraq geographically encompasses where civilizations first began. It is in this area that ruthless tribes struggle for power against nature, power against death, and power against man. It is in this area that man birthed religion, who begat politics. As history created itself, man forged tribes creating distinct lines. These lines Huntington term the fault lines. They can be drawn back to the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires. Historically the nations to the north and west have always been more prosperous. They together they share feudalism to the reformation to the industrial revolution. The people of the south and east experienced history differently. They were less better off economically and politically. They shared ruthless barbarians, constant warfare and genocide. (Huntington 1993)"

Tags:capitalism, Ba'athist, 911, Camp, David

Abstract
The paper examines how the Six Day War in June 1967 forever changed the balance of power in the Middle East. While Israel would emerge as the victor from this conflict, there would long term consequences from this victory. The paper discusses how much of the present situation in the region can be traced to the outcome of this conflict.

From the Paper
"The defeat of in 1967 severely weakened the idea of total Arab unity that had been emerging prior to the war under the guidance of Egypt's President Nasser. This dissolution of a united Arab world came soon after the cease-fire and even resulted in Nasser's loss of position as the appointed leader of the "Arab World" (9). With this sense of unity gone, the various individual states became more dependent on
and susceptible to more direct Soviet influence and control. It was in the best interest of the Soviet Union to maintain a strong presence in the region, due to both its own need and more importantly the "west's', need for the main natural resource of the Middle East, oil (10). With the exception of Egypt who expelled the Soviets in 1972, this situation would remain in the other Arab states and in some cases like Syria, increase until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war in 1989."

Tags:arab, idf, israeli, palestine, plo, syria, Nasser