Abstract
This paper provides an overview and discussion of the current state of genetic technology, with emphasis on the Human Genome Project. The microbiological aspects of genomic sequencing are briefly summarized. The focus is mainly on the ethical and social implications of knowing and understanding each gene. It also looks at how this emerging biotechnology is embedded into modern society through complex interactions between several institutions.

From the Paper
"The project is a culmination of the application of the results of the past 50 years in genetics. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), scientists have made two vital conclusions. The genome, containing an individual's DNA sequences, is a map for the physical and behaviourial traits that one has inherited. Therefore, a species' genome is the code to all of its biological faculties (Levi 6). In this sense, the Human Genome Project can be viewed as a necessary and central component to genetic progress, since complete knowledge of our DNA sequence is required to develop biotechnology that is more effective and on a broader scale."

Tags:genetic, applications, virus, DNA, sequencing, abortion, disease

Abstract
The writer provides a basic understanding of cloning, with the intent to counter Barbra Katz Rothman's article "On Order" and Philip Kitcher's "Whose Self Is It, Anyways?". The writer challenges what he perceives as truths and half truths presented in a misleading manner in these articles. The writer argues that no ideology or morals should be used to attack an individual's freedom of choice in choosing to pursue reproductive technology. According to the writer, to bind advancement in scientific knowledge to "morals" is not only irresponsible to society, but a dangerous precedent for the future.

From the Paper
"One of the first misconceptions that are often misattributed to cloning by those unfamiliar with (or are simply ignorant of) scientific facts is that cloning is somehow a hideous idea that will destroy "society" and the so called "morals" of some members of the human species. In very simple words, a clone is basically one's identical twin (Campbell, Neil A. 975). An identical twin is a natural clone of someone, with his or her genetics almost matching perfectly (Campbell 980). Were a clone of someone were to be created, the clone would be no less of a person then his or her new twin, with all the same rights, freedoms, and civil liberties to which one is entitled. In vitro cloning involves extracting the genetic material from an organism that is to be cloned and the subsequent transfer into an egg cell of the same species that has had its own genetic material removed. From then on, the egg cell will develop into an organism with genetically identical nuclear DNA to the nucleus donor (Campbell 995)."

Tags:ideology, morals, reproduction, traits, genes

Abstract
An argumentative paper about the negative effects of human cloning. The author discusses the moral, ethical and religious issues that he believes outweigh the medical advances of cloning. Included is an overview of what cloning is and how it could effect society in the future.

From the Paper
"Human cloning is a controversial topic, the public regards it as inappropriate, while the leaders of certain scientific communities believe it is a sound practice that could be researched and used to benefit society. Human cloning is a form of genetic engineering, which most people consider morally wrong and, "Playing God". Through cloning an individual, you create an exact physical duplicate of that person, however, memories, personality and opinions are not recreated, and so differences do exist. Many pros and cons can be found when looking at cloning in depth, but it is my opinion that overall, it is not a beneficial procedure. There are just too many ethical issues that outweigh medical advances and prolonging life spans. A race has been started between scientists, everyone wants to be the first to clone an adult human, however with hopes of personal glorification and publicity, they have lost sight of the moral and religious issues at hand. Human cloning means creating a breed of people that have no flaws or imperfections, and since perfection does not exist, the clone could be nothing but a disappointment."

Tags:clones, ethics, genetics, twins

Abstract
This paper discusses the history, background and the complicated ethics regarding human cloning. The author looks at the science of cloning, pros and cons of cloning and argues that cloning is beneficial in the long run.

From the Paper
"There is no other topic in health care with more potential for controversy than human cloning. I decided to write my paper on human cloning for this very reason, it will be an even more controversial issue than abortion in the future for my generation. Indeed, cloning is a topic for the future but this future is much closer than many people would like to believe. Many have deep religious and ethical reasons for wanting a total ban on human cloning. However, there are also many people, including some scientists, who believe that the possible benefits of human cloning outweigh the risks by a huge margin. Cloning has become an issue within the past 4 years due to the realization that it is possible to clone a human being."

Tags:cells, clones, dolly, embryo, ethics, skin

Abstract
This paper considers the concern about biotechnology and whether it should be embraced as a miracle cure for the world's hunger problems or rejected as a potentially dangerous activity that does more harm than good. The paper attempts to determine the value of this technology by examining the problems experienced by Monsanto Corporation and similar companies that are in the business of genomics.

From the Paper
"There is one question that must be answered first and foremost before it is even possible to look at the issue of genetic engineering: what exactly does genetic engineering refer to? Generally, genetic engineering is the act of putting a gene from one organism into another. In effect, scientists are creating organisms with a different genome than the ones normally found in nature. Specifically, researchers must first isolate a gene " a segment of DNA that codes for protein " and then clone that DNA many times; that segment of cloned DNA, the transgene, is then inserted into another organism with the new DNA integrating itself into the host genome followed by expression of the gene and production of protein coded for by that gene. By and large, genetic engineering is a trial and error art, not one based on precision. Some geneticists use a technique where the modified gene is blasted into the cells using a molecular shotgun. It is very difficult to determine where a gene will end up once placed into a cell (Dressel & Suzuki, 1999, p. 104)."

Tags:genetic, make-up, ogranism, mutation, plants, human, consumption, gefs, genetically, engineered

Abstract
This paper explains the term germline manipulation and discusses this method of genetic engineering. Gene manipulation techniques are discussed, as well as the challenges and uncertainties that gene therapy might bring with its advantages. The paper studies the laws and rights governing germline manipulation in countries such as Canada and China. With the view that germline manipulation represents an infinite potential for treating genetic diseases such as Huntington's, the paper advocates more flexible laws, support and research so that future generations can reap the benefits that germline technology has to offer. This paper includes figures.

Outline:
Comparison of Gene Manipulation Techniques
What is Nuclear Cloning?
Use of Animals
Techniques Used
Hope For Huntington's disease
Opposition
Fearing the Future
Opportunity to Cure
Laws and Rights
An Open future
Recommended readings

From the Paper
"The strongest drive built into every living organism is survival, consequently it should be of no surprise that we want to be healthy and live longer. Life is a tricky term to define. If we do attain the power of immortality by engineering our genes to keep replicating indefinitely, then will we still be alive? Then again cancer cells replicate indefinitely, yet ironically their immortality leads to our death. Such are the reasons why one must take caution when approaching newly developing technologies like germline therapy."

Tags:genetic engineering bioethical rights, gene therapy

Abstract
A look at the moral questions around human cloning. The author discusses the effects of mass media on views of cloning, the the religious and scientific questions centered around the topic and the influence that cloning has on society as a whole.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Media Representation of Cloning
Uniqueness and Individuality
Motivations Behind Cloning
The Mad Scientist
Religion on Cloning
Is Cloning Permissible
Crossing the Line
Science and Religion
Unstoppable Science
Who is the Parent
The Dangers in Cloning.
Cellular Problems
A Twist on Creation
Medical OK Human-Cloning No Way
Government Regulations
Anti-abortionists
Clone Animals Benefits Human.
The Human Factor
Being Human ? A Life Worth Living
Expectations
Immortality
Author?s Opinions
Paradigms
Act/Result-based
Conclusions
Work Cited

From the Paper
"In the near future, we will have to face the fact that the course of science will always win and inevitability cloning of human or at least the cloning of organs will be performed. The question is "is cloning human beings acceptable and where do we draw the line?" Cloning has sparked controversies over the past few years. With the race to map the DNA and its completion, it has steered up the imagination of our society of what to come. In this paper, we will discus how the mass media has influenced our views and values associated with a human life and the possibility of it being cloned. We will also look at the religious point of view as well as the science on this issue. We will take a quick look on how cloning has and will affect society along with what it is to be human. This technology is still new and a lot the following will be opinions, ideas and reflections on this issue. One must take them into consideration. If one simply jumps to a conclusion, then one is fool hearted and naive since it is still too early to make such a decision whether it is permissible to clone to clone human beings. There is simply no right or wrong answer, just a matter of moral, ethics and what you believe in. For decades, cloning has been a novelty of science fiction movies but with the resent development in biotechnology and the arrival of Dolly the cloned sheep, the possibility of cloning a human being came ever so close to reality."

Tags:abortionists, anti, being, clone, dna, dolly, ethics, human, immortality, individuality, moral, morality, psychology, religion, science, sheep, twins, xenotransplantation

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the concept of cell membranes and molecules and discusses how they relate to the controversial issue of human cloning. It expands on the ethical issues which human cloning have arisen. The writer then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cloning and the legal problems related to the issue.

From the Paper
"The subject of human cloning has recently become controversial because scientists are already technologically ready to undertake this revolutionary step into human reproduction. There are many proponents of human cloning who find justifying arguments to start to clone humans. They argue that cloning would alleviate trauma and grief for those who have lost a relative in an accident because a "replacement" could then be created. Further, infertile couples could use cloning techniques to have children; as a result, human cloning would terminate genetic faults in people. Additionally, people who would like to have an image of themselves to live forever could preserve their lives by creating their own clones. Human cloning in general would contribute to research and experiments on human body and scientific limits."

Tags:biology, cell, clone, ethical, law, life, molecules, science

Abstract
The paper examines an article by Elmer-Dewitt that deals with the many misconceptions surrounding the cloning of the first human embryo and Putnam and Harris' essays that directly treat the moral conceptualization of human dignity with relation to cloning. The paper provides evidence to show that clones will develop individually, not only cognitively but also physically, into unique individuals that do not threaten the diversity of society and avoid the nightmare scenarios of carbon-copy humans. The paper explains that what will follow such research is an increased ability to screen out those traits that are universally undesired by perspective parents, such as the defects and diseases that impinge upon the quality of life for all humans.

From the Paper
"This essay intends to focus solely upon the issue of human cloning as ethically permissible. The larger question of whether or not to clone and/or genetically manipulate other species of plants and animals is rendered largely moot due to the proliferation of such practices. Genetically modified foodstuffs and the cloning of animals within the realm of scientific experimentation is commonplace, with "Dolly" the sheep standing as the first and most famous example. Since then, dogs and wolves have been added to the list of successfully cloned animals, though significant health problems in the cloned individuals render such endeavors far from perfected. At this point and time, human embryos have been cloned, but are not viable past a few cell divisions, placing the potentiality of human cloning into the realm of the probable, and as Elmer-Dewitt notes, "[t]he time to discuss whether [human cloning] is right or wrong is before it has been put to use, not after"."

Tags:DNA, genetics, epigenetics, embryos, cells, traits

Abstract
This paper discusses how Dr. Victor Frankenstein's creation, thought to be impossible by many, may not be so far fetched in the real world. The author makes comparisons between the monster's creation and modern medical techniques, such as transplantation and cloning.

From the Paper
"Mary Shelley's Frankenstein portrays an epic description of immortality. In this movie, many questions are raised dealing with the possibility of raising the dead and living forever. Is this scientifically possible? Is this morally right? Would we be able to handle having this knowledge and only using it when it became appropriate, and in what cases would it ever be appropriate? The answers to these questions are unknown at this moment in time but soon may be unveiled by the flourishing knowledge of science."

Tags:genetics, monster, paranormal, philosophy, transplant