Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that social and political frustrations brought left-wing terrorists to the forefront of Europe after World War II. However, the writer notes that the political landscape basically made it more feasible for left-wing groups to join the democratic process rather than fight it. However, various right-wing groups evolved with their own agendas such as ethnic purification mirroring Hitler's philosophies. The writer discusses that unlike most of the left-wing groups, these radical right-wing terrorist groups still exist today throughout the world. The writer notes that there are many similarities between left-wing and right-wing terrorist organizations. This paper examines left-wing terrorism in Europe, the Japanese Red Army and neo-fascism groups that have existed to various degrees. Various trends and typologies are discussed noting the demise of most of these terrorist groups.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Left-Wing Terrorism in Europe
The Red Army Faction
The Demise of Other West European Terrorist Movements
The Japanese Red Army
Neo-Fascism Rejuvenates
Summary

From the Paper
" Hundreds of terrorist groups have been noted in Europe and throughout the world. There are common tactics that are adopted by these groups who mirror previous terrorist groups through various international training regimes. There is however, no terrorist conspiracy operating globally. Instead, these pockets of terrorist groups eventually dissolve as local authorities crack down as these groups lose public support. A trend of left-wing groups disappearing more than right-wing groups appears to be the norm as political pluralism removes the causes of the left-wing groups."

Tags:terrorists, ideologies, criminal, activities

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that to understand terrorism, one may simply delve into its meaning, however, the term has changed throughout the years to have different meanings. Therefore, an examination of the various typologies of terrorism may help understand the concept better. Also, the writer points out that understanding the tactics used by terrorists can clarify its basic forms. The writer maintains that there has been an increase in media focus on terrorism for western society since the events of 9/11. The purposes of these events are complicated with no clear answers. In fact, defining the term terrorism is difficult for politicians, scholars and the military, especially since terrorism has changed over the years. The writer looks at the contexts of terrorism, definitions of terrorism and then discusses various typologies.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Contexts of Terrorism
Defining Terrorism
Typologies of Terrorism
Tactics of Terrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The media can easily sensationalize acts of violence. By using the term terrorism they attract the attention of the public. Therefore, the media to simply gain viewers can overuse the term. The media can use criminal activity and refer to it as terrorist related. Except in times of conflict or government repression, all terrorism involves criminal activity. Usually innocent people are killed or seriously injured intentionally which carries criminal connotation throughout the world. In some countries government repression is done by terrorist modes to control the people. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq through terror much like Joseph Stalin did in the Soviet Union. Religion usually plays a prominent role as groups feel they must purify the world with a cause that involves destruction to certain people. Religion like most other factors has changed the context of terrorism throughout the years."

Tags:threats, weapons, conflict, terrorist, groups

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Middle East is plagued with terrorist organizations and that religious terrorist groups succumb to strong fanatical beliefs that Jews and Western allies are satanic and must be abolished at all costs. The writer points out that this has forced peaceful nations to prepare for terrorist attacks from such groups such as al-Qaeda, Hizbollah, Hamas and the Islamic Jihad. The writer maintains that when examining the religion of Islam there are numerous similarities with western Christian beliefs; however, these terrorist groups have twisted the religion from peace to hatred. It is important for Western nations to understand these viewpoints to help establish public policy and military strategies. There is no doubt that the West is at war with various terrorist groups. Therefore it is critical to understand these groups and how they function. This paper examines religious terrorist groups such as Hamas, Hizbollah, al-Qaeda, and the Islamic Jihad. It discusses the hatred these groups have towards Israel and the West.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Two views of Islam and terrorism
The Iranian Revolution and Hizbollah's metamorphosis
The Islamic Jihad
Hamas
The rise of Osama Bin Ladin
Declaring war on the United States
Summary

From the Paper
"Osama Bin Ladin was a popular soldier in Afghanistan when at war with the Soviet Union. The Soviet retreat was a sign of God's power over Satan, and if God could bring down the Soviet Union through the work of the mujahadeen, other evil nations were doomed to destruction. After war with the Soviets, both Israel and the United States became prime targets for Osama Bin Ladin who is very popular with numerous Sunnis. This is ironic considering the United States CIA probably provided a great deal of resources to the armies fighting the Soviets such as the mujahadeen under Osama Bin Ladin. When the United States posted military personnel in Saudi Arabia, Osama Bin Ladin decided to attack."

Tags:al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hizbollah, Jihad

Abstract
This paper examines urban terrorism and its modern origins. It briefly compares guerrilla warfare and its limited successes. The paper discusses the urban terrorist group known as the Tupamaros, from the organization's beginnings in Uruguay. The paper also highlights various tactics used by Tupamaros and looks at its organizational characteristics.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Theory of Urban Terrorism
Terrorism and Guerrilla War
Urban Terrorism in Practice
The Urban Philosophy
Tupamaros Tactics
Organizational Characteristics
Summary

From the Paper
"The Tupamaros were well organized and became an example for other international terrorist groups. Strong internal discipline and existing as a confederacy had helped the Tupamaros. A large network of supporters also helped considerably. The importance of noncombatant columns cannot be overemphasized - the strength of the Tupamaros came from its logistical columns (White, 2002). Intelligence led the police to attack the support network. Police officials reasoned that if they destroyed the logistical network, they would destroy the Tupamaros (White, 2002). They were right and succeeded in 1972."

Tags:bombing, robbery, revolution

Abstract
This paper examines the historical origins of terrorism from the 1700s to the present. It discusses various revolutions including the Russian Revolution in order to provide perspective to the origins of terrorism. The paper specifically focuses on the era of the Enlightenment during the French and American Revolutions and describes how during this time extreme violence brought the term terrorism to be defined at another level.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Enlightenment, Revolution, and Terrorism
Class Revolution and Changing Meanings
Terrorism and the Role of Anarchists
Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
Old and New Terrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The source of the terrorism the world knows today is from the era of the Enlightenment. When citizens fought for more rights against the ruling classes various forms of violence arose. Revolutions brought different types of terrorists from moderates to anarchists. The Russian revolution gave examples of revolutionaries rising to become terrorist leaders of the country. Today, the revolutions are not as dramatic; however, the terrorists have clearly become forces to be reckoned with waiting for opportunities to carry out their work."

Tags:revolution, violence, equality, authority

Abstract
The paper refers to Arthur Schlesinger's theory of the imperial presidency that identified a trend in the executive branch to gather more power unto itself beyond Constitutional limits, especially in times of national crisis. The paper applies this to after 9/11 when the Bush administration asserted its rights to make war pre-emptively. The paper discusses how this accretion of power to the executive may be permanent and presents the opinion that leaving foreign policy in the hands of a few only works if the few are morally scrupulous to a degree that does not seem to be able to co-exist with the nature of politics. The paper asserts that institutional reform is not the answer; what is needed is the willingness of the other branches to contest executive power, even in wartime.

From the Paper
"The theory of the imperial presidency, as formulated by Arthur Schlesinger, identified a trend in the executive branch to gather more power unto itself beyond Constitutional limits, especially in times of national crisis. The Bush administration demonstrated their desire to expand the powers of the executive before the 2000 election. Vice President Cheney spoke to this when he said: "For the thirty-five years I've been in this town, there's been a constant, steady erosion of the prerogatives and the powers of the president of the United States, and I don't want to be a part of that." There was little room for this expansive agenda pre-9/11. The attack on the United States in 2001 provided scope for the executive branch to assert its control over the government."

Tags:Constitution, Congress, judiciary, powers, Guantanamo, Bay

Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why many foreigners dislike the U.S for the foreign policy it carries. Topics that are discussed are America's support of Israel, repressive regimes, and its support of U.N sanctions on Iraq.

From the Paper
"U.S support of Israel is undoubtedly the most influential factor in the dislike of America. Israel declared its independence in 1949 and it has since been involved in five wars with neighboring states. Israel plays a crucial role in the Middle East due to its strategic location amongst many of the world's Arab nations. The U.S has been a major supporter of Israel since Harry Truman recognized it as a sovereign country in May 1948. It is quite obvious why U.S foreign policy has always favored Israel. Factors such as long-standing congressional support for Israel, the clout of the pro-Israel lobby as well as guilt over turning away Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany have caused the U.S to form a strong relationship with Israel."

Tags:arabia, pakistan, palestine, saudi, terrorists, war, Hamas, 911

Abstract
This paper argues that, to fight terrorism, we must make the investigation of terrorist financing a priority. In particular, the paper provides a literature review on the topic and highlights the need for international laws and legislation to deter terrorist financing. The paper also discusses informal financial networks with very few rules that can be regulated and controlled by states. The paper concludes with various recommendations in terms of assisting the international community with fighting the war on terrorism.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Summary of Findings
Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"September 11th, 2001 has implanted images into people's minds across the world of needless death and destruction. Some of these images are of planes crashing into tall buildings that last only a brief couple of seconds. These moments took years of planning and a tremendous amount of logistical support. According to the FBI, the attacks cost between $303,672 and $500,000 to orchestrate (Levitt, 2002). A price cannot be placed on the destruction caused as thousands of lives were lost. However it is clear that billions of dollars of damage was committed and more money is needed for security, law enforcement and the military."

Tags:financial, networks, funds, resources, banks

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at extremism in the US and how it has developed as a result of religious and radical beliefs. Specifically, the writer begins with a discussion of right-wing history and then follows by studying modern extremism. Hate propaganda from William Pierce is viewed and the various criminal acts provided in the literature are discussed. The paper also views eco-terrorism, animal rights groups and finally Black Hebrew Israelites. The writer concludes that extremist groups follow religious conspiracy theories that brainwash their followers into taking arms and resisting federal norms.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
A Brief History of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States
Modern Right-Wing Resurgence
William Pierse's Blueprint for Revolution
Criminal Behavior Among Right-Wing Extremists
Eco-Terrorism and Animal Rights
Black Hebrew Israelites
Summary

From the Paper
" Religion and conspiracy theories influence right-wing extremist groups. Followers feel they are losing economic status because sinister forces are conspiring to swindle them out of the American dream. They are patriotic and have a passion for firearms. An example is the Idaho-based Aryan Nations, which is similar to the Ku Klux Klan. A few incidents within the United States brought extremism to the forefront. The Brady Bill brought proposed gun control legislation, which the extremists used to gain public support. Another issue was the killing of a white supremacist leader's son and pregnant wife by FBI snipers. Third, the events of Waco Texas where families were burned or shot to death under David Koresh's Branch Davidian complex when seized by the ATF."

Tags:firearms, extremist, violent, race

Abstract
The paper discusses problems of conceptualizing domestic terrorism and then analyzes terrorism in the United States. The paper explores why terrorism is part of the United States' society and offers a brief look at abortion issues and terrorism.

Outline
Introduction
Domestic Terrorism: Early works of Cooper, Bell, and Gurr
Problems of Conceptualizing Domestic Terrorism
Smith's Analysis of Terrorism in the United States
Emerson: Jihad in the United States
Abortion Clinic Bombings and Terrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The word terrorism usually conjures images of violent acts of Middle Eastern origin that is viewed daily on television. However, domestic terrorism fully exists in the United States. The Oklahoma City bombing is an example that became less prevalent in people's minds after 9/11. Nevertheless, law enforcement encounters numerous terrorist acts that are not given the attention they should. They are treated simply as criminal acts because police do not have the proper training or awareness of domestic terrorism."

Tags:abortion, jihad, law, enforcement