Abstract
This research paper argues that immigration in the U.S. has reached a crisis and we need to rethink our immigration policies. The paper briefly touches on the history of immigration, present immigration problems such as illegals, expert opinions, and ends with a call for an immigration moratorium.

Tags:liberty, amnesty, asylum, economics, labor, nativism

Abstract
This paper is a detailed discussion of Islamic criminal law, its sources, its application, and its conflict with international law and human rights. The author examines both primary and secondary sources of Islamic law, and describes Hudud, Tazir and Qesas crime and punishment. The paper also focuses on the historical background of Muslim law.

From the paper:

?Islam means ?submission? or ?surrender? to the will of Allah. For the more than one billion Muslims of the world, this means submission to a comprehensive code of law governing every arena of life: social, political, economic, and religious. In Islam there is no separation of church and state, no distinction between religion and politics; Government, law, and religion are unified. Some would argue that Islamic law is not fully practiced in any part of the Islamic world. While this may be true, twenty-three nations have either declared Islam to be the state religion or declared the religious writings of Islam to be the principal source of law.?

Tags:crime, criminal, islam, law, legal, muslim, religion, world, shi'ite, iccpr, united, nations

Abstract
A paper which discusses the legal and ethical issues involved in operating globally. It is noticed that many multinational companies can run into trouble when establishing their businesses overseas because they fail to take local laws and culture into consideration. The paper shows that this can be avoided if the company pays attention to the religious and cultural beliefs of the people in foreign countries and also abide by the trade and business laws of those lands.

From the Paper
"It is also important to take into account their religious beliefs because religion normally plays an important role in all third world countries. For example in Pakistan, they wouldn't allow a fast food chain to operate if it doesn't use HALAL meat. By HALAL, they are simply referring to meat, which has been prepared according to their religious rituals. It is important thus to follow those practices because there is no chance of gaining any success if a fast food or any other restaurant chain forgets to take into account this important law. We are taking examples of restaurants only for the sake of ease and convenience in explanation of laws, but it must be kept in mind that laws applies to every business no matter what its nature is."

Tags:multinationals, ecological, protection, corruption

Abstract
The paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its potential benefit to the United States, as well as to the remainder of the international community. The paper criticizes the Bush administration's opposition to the treaty, as it explains the faults of arguments raised by the ICC's opponents.

From the Paper
"The prosecution of the most ruthless war criminals, it is widely agreed, is a worthy goal that all nations should pursue. A universal court, it seems, is based on the assumption that the prosecution of such abhorrent war criminals supersedes the value of national sovereignty, as all nations should be able to agree on crimes that are incompatible with the values of any civilization, nation-state, or any other tribal association. But during the years of the Cold War and the de-colonization processes reaching such a universally binding goal was not possible; with the end of the Cold War, the movement towards the creation of an international court began (Carter & Jackson 2002). While the crimes that the court should address are generally agreed on, other issues such as its effect on states' citizens throughout the globe turned out to be an obstacle that induced the United States, as well as a handful of other states, to oppose the jurisdiction of the court. While the US has legitimate concerns vis-a-vis the ICC, it is an imperative that American policymakers support the vision of a universal court and eventually act to ratify the American support."

Tags:criminal, foreign, international, justice, nations, policy, unilateralism, united, us, states, war, national, sovereignty, gloabal, universal

Abstract
This paper explores how the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule of the US Constitution has traditionally been applied in deportation proceedings. It proposes that the exclusionary rule should be applied in situations that involve egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment. This paper also argues that, because deportation proceedings are considered as criminal procedures, aliens in such proceedings are not protected by the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. As a result, many aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair and unreasonable treatment due to their racial or ethnic background. This paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not include a works cited page.

From the Paper
"The legal rights of aliens in removal proceedings have become increasingly limited, which often results in unfair treatments of the aliens. Ever since the Supreme Court of the United States held in Fong Yue Ting v. United States that deportation is not punishment, and therefore, criminal aliens in removal proceedings are not protected by the criminal procedural safeguards, immigration law has been absorbing the theories, methods and perceptions associated with criminal enforcement while explicitly rejecting the procedural ingredients of criminal adjudication. Since deportation proceedings are considered as criminal procedures, aliens in such proceedings are not protected by the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. As a result, many aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair and unreasonable treatment due to their racial or ethnic background. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Lopez-Mendoza that the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule did not apply to deportation hearings because a deportation proceeding is a purely civil action to determine eligibility to remain in the nation. Although several circuit courts have either held or acknowledged the possibility that egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment should not be allowed in deportation proceedings, the Supreme Court has not recognized the egregious violation exception which allows noncitizens to invoke a Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule in deportation proceedings. This paper will explore how certain ethnic minority aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair treatment due to their ethnicity and the civil nature of deportation proceedings, and argue that the courts should provide the aliens with Fourth Amendment protection if they were discriminated because of their race or ethnicity. In order to fully navigate the issue of applicability of the Fourth Amendment in deportation proceedings, this paper will examine the history of how the Fourth Amendment has been applied in deportation proceedings. By exploring how some aliens have been treated unfairly due to their ethnic and racial background and how some courts have recognized an "egregious violation exception" of the Fourth Amendment in deportation cases, this paper will argue that the Supreme Court of the United States should grant the Fourth Amendment protection when aliens in deportation proceedings were treated unfairly because of their ethnicity or race. Let us first explore why aliens in deportation proceedings are generally not protected by the Fourth Amendment by analyzing the civil nature of deportation proceeding."

Tags:legal, rights, proceedings, limited, unfair

Abstract
The paper examines handgun regulations within the US and Canada and their relationship with incidents of violence and explores the influence of the National Rifle Association (NRA), its message and methods, both nationally and internationally,. The paper deals with issues related to international trade of small arms and light weapons (SALW), the economic toll on developing nations in responding to gun violence, and the role of the US government in supporting international anti-violence initiatives designed to control SALW. Lastly, the paper identifies potential remedies to existing risks of violence that correlate with handgun use.

Outline:
United States Gun Law Structure
National Rifle Association
Transitions from Licit Handguns to Illicit Weapons within the US
US Violence
Canadian Gun Laws and Related Violence
International Controls
International Gun-Related Violence
Remedies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The United States emphasizes and protects the Second Amendment to the US Constitution which guarantees the rights of citizens to bear arms, meaning to own, store, carry, and use a concealed weapon. Prohibiting a gun purchase is much more difficult than granting one. Federal Firearm License Dealers (FFLs) are not required to ask purchasers the purpose for buying a gun and only deny purchasers who meet very specific disqualifying conditions. They are, however, required to complete a background check, the specifics of the check are determined by state regulations. Federal laws in the US require purchasers to be at least 21 years old and a resident of the state from where the gun is potentially purchased. The exceptions to gaining a firearm include past convictions for felonious acts, outstanding warrants, past committals to a psychiatric facility or a clinical diagnosis equivalent of being mentally defective, convictions or restraining orders related to domestic violence, dishonorable military discharge, or illegal alien status."

Tags:arms, weapons, assaults, suicide, homicide, trade, crime

Abstract
This paper looks at how foreign politics triumphed over law in judging genocide in Cambodia. The author feels that foreign influences on Cambodia is the most plausible explanation of why Cambodia became embarked on a path of terror, and how political imperatives continued to outweigh the need to punish genocide. The author looks at Cambodia's history, from when they were a great power in the region, and continues to show how they subsequently became threatened by foreign nations which brought with it centuries of decline in both political, economic and military power. The role that the Cold War played in Cambodian politics, both internal and international is also examined in detail, as are the policies adopted by the Khmer Rouge during the 1980s in an attempt to soften its image in the western world.

From the Paper
"While the world had offered aid to the Khmer Rouge regime when it occupied Cambodia, which the Khmer Rouge refused consistent with its policy of self-reliance, when Vietnam occupied Cambodia, the West refused to provide aid at all leaving only Vietnam and USSR to provide humanitarian aid to avert famine. When aid was finally provided, Western nations only provided it to refugee camps along the Western border with Thailand, territory which was also home to Khmer Rouge guerrilla fighters, to ensure that at least some of the aid went to the Khmer Rouge and their supporters. With the support of the West, the UN voted to continue to recognize the Khmer Rouge regime and offer them a seat at the UN in lieu of the Vietnamese-backed government, which controlled the capital and the vast majority of the country."

Tags:cambodia, genocide, politics, law, rule, american, japanese, killing, fields, pol, pot, khmer, rouge, american, cold, war, government, terror, communism, foreign, wwii, thailand, seato, china, alliance, military, reform, elections, aid, bureaucracy

Abstract
The paper looks at the advantages and implications of excluding managerial employees from collective agreements under Canadian Labor Law. It examines the way different Labor Boards treat and rule on who should be excluded in each case.

From the Paper
"Whenever a trade union in Canada applies for certification to the Labor Board, it undergoes a series of procedures before the Board acknowledges to the union that the latter, in fact, exists under the law. One of the steps that the union and a related employer(s) undertake is called the definition of the bargaining unit. This procedure involves submitting to the Labor Board a list of names of all employees in a proposed unit along with their positions and job descriptions. The purpose of this move is to pin-point those categories of employees that may and will be excluded from the proposed unit if found in the initial submission."

Tags:canada, industrial, labor, law, union

Abstract
This paper discusses the sharp contrast between Canada and Turkey with regard to the civic rights of their citizenry. The author explains that the Charter of 1982 solidified those rights in Canada, by protecting citizens from unreasonable searches, unjustifiable detentions and importantly, against the possibility of law enforcement's abusing its powers. Turkey, on the other hand, has been cited for human rights abuses on countless occasions. The author explains that despite the fact that the Turkish constitution clearly prohibits arbitrary arrest, detention, search and seizure, in actuality all of the above are commonplace occurrences in Turkey. The paper concludes that it is important to recognize that the civic rights of citizens are upheld by virtually all national legislatures, but when it comes to their application, Canada applies the provisions and charter in question while Turkey does not.

From the Paper
"The rules which govern arrest, detention and seizure in Turkey are grounded in the country's constitution. The Turkish Constitution clearly outlines the civic rights of the citizenry and outlines the limitations on police authority. As Kinzer (2002) explains, arbitrary arrests are prohibited with no statements of exception. Law enforcement must have a clear reason for arresting citizens and must establish, before a judge that the citizen in question has violated the laws of the nation and accordingly, that there are legitimate grounds for the issuance of an arrest warrant."

Tags:detainee, Amnesty International, torture forced control accountability privacy

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law