From the Paper
" Introduction
Periodontal disease is stated to be as old as mankind. Early writings show that magical, religious, and herbal treatments were used for relief. The middle-ages brought methodical therapeutic approaches and the 18th century brought modern treatment with a scientific knowledge base. Before the 1950s, root debridement and tooth extraction were used to treat diseases. The 1970s focused on treatment of periodontal disease symptoms. Goals included elimination of the periodontal pocket, using gingivectomy, flap procedures, and osseous surgery. These procedures resulted in the loss of tissues with no regeneration and elongated teeth. Questions were raised regarding total pocket elimination and by the 1980s, control of subgingival..."

From the Paper
"This paper is a study of orthodontistry, the dental specialty concerned with straightening teeth and correcting malocclusion, problems with the way the teeth come together to chew food. Orthodontics provides patients with cosmetic improvements in the look of the face and the line of the jaw. It can also improve chewing and reduce irregular wear on teeth. It can cut down on stress to the jaw and gums, as well as improve the patient's ability to breathe. Experts disagree on the extent to which orthodontal adjustments are necessary to correct minor anomalies. Nevertheless, they agree that most orthodontic work should be planned and carried out by an orthodontic specialist, rather than a general dentist. Orthodontia is one of the most complex of the dental specialties, requiring considerable training beyond the dental degree and necessitating continuing.."

From the Paper
"Computed Tomography in Dentistry

History
In conventional radiology, anatomy is depicted in only two dimensions. The depth or thickness of structures cannot be measured on projection images. For a comprehensive evaluation of morphology of a structure, data related to the third dimension are essential. For nearly three quarters of a century, multiple, different angle views were used in routine radiography to gain three-dimensional perception of structures through triangulation. In a continuing quest for methods to access data in the third dimension, techniques such as stereoscopic pair image acquisition and tomography were developed. Although they were highly valuable technical advancements, they still could not provide accurate quantitative information in all three dimensions of a volume structure."

Abstract
Evaluates new advances in the use of sealants to treat caries (cavities). Examines research and clinical evaluation of dental sealant advances. Length and quality of their retention. Importance of the methods of applying sealants. Causes of sealant failure. Errors in technique. CCC (Color, Coverage, Caries) Sealant Evulation System.

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION

As innovations come out to further the way in which the oral professionals overcome patients problems, it is necessary to look at some of this new technology, and how it is dealt with in scientific journals. One such area in which new advances have occurred is in the area of sealants, the plastic which a dentist bonds into the grooves of the chewing surface of a tooth in order to help prevent tooth decay and cavities. While research findings overwhelmingly document the need to educate the public and increase knowledge and acceptance of oral health care professionals about this caries-preventive technology (Gilpin). By looking at the research and critical comments, as well as clinical evaluations of sealant advances, it is possible to create a useful picture of just how well sealants currently ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the bacteria that seems to appear in research journals and media reports with ever-increasing regularity, Streptococcus mutans. It reviews of current scientific, medical, and dental professional literature and research in the quest to learn more about this cavity-causing bacterium.

From the Paper
"Scientific Review Paper: Streptococcus mutans In today's world of ever-expanding scientific and medical knowledge and know-how, one small bacterium that seems to appear in research journals and media reports with ever-increasing regularity is Streptococcus mutans. This bacterium is, according to a recent report, "one of hundreds of species of bacteria that thrive in the mouth. The bacteria's normal waste product is lactic acid, which dissolves the surface of the tooth. Over time the acid makes a cavity" (Fields 48). With such importance placed upon it as the sole reason for the dentist's drill being so busy and individuals' dental health being so poor, it is obvious as to why such energy and research is spent on this tiny organism."

Tags:dental, streptococcus, mutans

Abstract
This paper examines how dental hygiene is a field of study and practice that, in contrast to dentistry, is sometimes referred to as a para-profession in that it is regarded as not having all the attributes of a profession. While dental hygienists and commentators writing on the discipline dispute this perception, they nonetheless argue that the field of dental hygiene must address a number of issues in order to shift its popular image - as well as its mandate under the law - as a full and autonomous profession. This paper examines these issues, with a particular emphasis on an Ontario perspective, in order to explain both the current situation and the steps that must be taken for dental hygiene to progress as a profession into the future.

Tags:dental, hygiene, dentistry

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of low sales turnover among the salespeople of 1800Dentist, a service company that provides referrals to dentists through television advertising. The paper suggest three alternative solutions that could be marketed in order to try and increase sales.

From the Paper
"Solution One is the recommended solution, with several packages being offered. These will include half the price for half the guarantee. To encourage long-term clients the length of the packages will not be varied, only the referrals guaranteed and the price. This means 1800Dentist will vary the advertising schedules for each client. This solution is recommended because it encourages long-term use of the service, which is the best result for 1800Dentist as it reduces administration costs, reduces the sales prospecting required and means that 1800Dentist will have a more reliable and constant income. Having long-term clients effectively ensures stable and uniform demand for 1800Dentist, this stable demand described as allowing an organization to "reduce costs and improve service; better utilize capacity; and enhance profit potential" (Slack, Chambers, Harland, Harrison, & Johnston 406)."

Tags:dental, service, marketing

Abstract
This paper studies the decision to fluoridate drinking water. Fluoridation is the process of adding fluoride to water. It details the development of the concept of fluoridation and discusses research done on the issue. It explains many dentist's opinions for and against fluoridation as well as the ADA's support. It also details the origins and contents of fluoride chemicals. Finally, it concludes that there has still not been a final decision on the matter.

From the Paper
"Fluoridation (the adding of fluoride to water) has been a hotly debated health issue for over half a century. Some advocate fluoridation by citing the many oral benefits available through the process, heralding the betterment of public hygiene that has been achieved from the procedure's inception. Detractors, on the other hand, point out the possible side effects from the abuse of fluoridation, the health problems being experienced around the globe by countries with fluoridated water, and the indelible rights of man. Because the decision to fluoridate drinking water or not affects so many of the worlds population it is definitely a worthy topic to sink ones teeth into."

Tags:Flouridation, health, drinking, water, ADA, dentist, flouride, chemicals

Abstract
This paper defines ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) as a specific strain of bacterial pneumonia which takes place when one's general pulmonary defense system ceases to function properly due to high levels of bacteria. The writer of this paper contends and explains why this particular strain of infectious bacterial pneumonia is often incurred during extended hospital stays. This paper details the manner in which the disease is spread via bodily fluids such as tears and saliva. This paper analyzes the use of specialized oral care positioning to both treat and prevent cases VAP. This paper also examines the success rate of preventative oral care at the Vanderbilt Medical Center in Tennessee.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Oral Care to Reduce Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia
Elevating Heads of Beds for Patients on Mechanical Ventilation
Other Precautions
References

From the Paper
"One of the places where changes have been implemented through oral care and there have been improvements is the surgical intensive care unit at Vanderbilt Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The incidence of ventilator assisted pneumonia was increasing at this hospital from 1999 to 2001. This led the center to start using comprehensive oral care from January 2002 as a part of a total program to remove the incidence of ventilator assisted pneumonia from the center. The change began to give perceptible results to the therapists and the nurses within a period of months. The changes were noted and within a two year period, there was a reduction of ventilator assisted pneumonia by as much as 46 percent. When the figures for 2002 are compared to figures for 2001, there is a clear decrease by 35 percent and there is another decrease that is seen in 2003 when compared to the figures of 2002."

Tags:cdc, intensive, care, unit, disease, saliva, plaque, oral, care, treatment, prevention

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the field of forensic odontology deals with the study of teeth and uses scientific research and analysis for application to the legal system. The writer points out that forensic odontologists use the unique pattern of bite marks, to retrieve and if possible cast a 3D impression, ultimately matching them to the suspect's teeth having the highest probability. The writer discusses that forensic odontologists play crucially important roles in identification of victims and suspects. Bite marks are being used more often as a means of recognition, but it must be done with restraint as our knowledge in this field is still far from complete. The writer concludes that as time moves forward, it is imminent that new technologies will narrow down the gap between bite mark analysis, and the more established methods such as fingerprints that have been predominating much of forensics.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Human Teeth in Forensic Odontology
A Brief History
Bite marks and Forensics
Dental Records
Bite mark Analysis
Application in Forensics
Bite mark Processing
Advantages and New Developments
Limitations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The first time that teeth were used to identify bodies dates back to 1849, after a fire at the opera in Vienna. By the 1890s, there was a recorded case of a woman who was murdered close to the city of Paris. It was apparent that the woman had been strangled, knowing that strangulation victims sometimes manage to bite their attacker, the autopsy surgeon decoded to make impression casts of the victim's teeth. Approximately a week later a Frenchman was arrested and when the police noticed bitemarks on one of his hands, they decided the marks to the victim's dental cast, it was a perfect match.
"In a more amusing case, in 1903 Cumberland, a burglar broke into a home and during his looting he decided to help himself to a piece of cheese, he was later caught and convicted based on his teeth mark in the cheese."

Tags:teeth, mouth, identification, dentists