Abstract
The paper summarizes the article "In Vivo Activation of the p53 Pathway by Small-Molecule Antagonists of MDM2" and its study of the MDM2 protein which strongly binds to, and modulates the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. The paper describes the methods and testing used and posits that the methods were relative to the objective and were properly carried out. The paper therefore agrees with the conclusion reached by the article and concludes that this is indeed a promising treatment should it be proven that suppression of MDM2 activity in p53 proteins may lead to the reduction of tumors in humans and animals.

Outline:
Summary
Method

From the Paper
"The main focus of the article is around the MDM2 protein which strongly binds to, and modulates the activity of the p53 tumour suppressor protein by an autoregulatory feedback loop. This is done through three mechanisms. Firstly, MDM2 binds at the p53 transactivation site and blocks its activation of transcription initiation. Secondly, it participates in the nuclear export of p53. Thirdly, it serves as a ubiquitin ligase, promoting the degradation of p53. When p53 is activated, it can bring a halt upon the cell cycle and cause apoptosis."

Tags:MDM2, inhibitors, Nutlin, mice

Abstract
This paper presents an assessment, history, signs, symptoms and treatment of the disorders of the pericardium - the part of the body which holds the heart to the major veins and arteries at its base and attaches to the sternum, and to the diaphragm. The author also makes use of illustrations.

From the Paper
"It holds the heart in position as it pumps and provides the cardiac muscle with a protective cover. Within the fibrous pericardium is a pair of serous membranes. The inner surface is the parietal and the other that covers the hearts' surface, is the visceral. The sac contains a thin layer of fluid that permits the heart to move with minimal friction during the cardiac cycle. The fibrous pericardium and its inner serous lining are known as the pericardial sac, while the visceral is also call the epicardium (Nowak, Handford, 1999, p 231). Three pathologic responses to injury are; acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis."

Tags:pericarditis, Viral, myocardial, ECG, Colchicine

Abstract
This paper outlines a family's experience with pediatric episodic illness. It includes objective and subjective impressions on hospitalization, context of the situation as well as transition back to their home after the acute hospitalization of their children.

From the Paper
"Episodic illness is also known as acute illness. Du Gas defines acute illness as " pertaining to a condition with a sudden, severe onset and a relatively short course ". Episodic illnesses with the younger pediatric population tend to evoke more concern with parents and health care professionals because of their still developing immune systems and susceptibility to complications. The family used for this assignment is considered to be nuclear, and is made up of Mr. and Mrs. "L", and their daughter "M". "M" is a two-year-old who was admitted to Mount Saint Joseph's Children's ward with an upper respiratory infection. Mr. and Mrs. "L" are in their generative or child rearing stage, and according to Erikson's developmental theory, "M" is in her autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (Wong, D., 1999). Throughout her hospital stay, "M" was playful, happy and very cooperative. She has an astonishing vocabulary for her age, and is capable of doing much for herself. This may be due in part to her authoritative parents. According to Donna Wong, authoritative parents "combine practices from both of the foregoing extremes (passive and authoritarian). They direct their children's behavior and attitudes by emphasizing the reason for rules and negatively reinforcing deviations." (p.95)."

Tags:acute, care, health, hospital, nursing

Abstract
This paper covers all the main aspects of Artificial Intelligence in medicine. The author gives lavish examples of systems in use. The author then covers controversies involving artificial intelligence in medicine.

From the Paper
"From the very earliest moments in the modern history of the computer, scientists have dreamed of creating an 'electronic brain'. Of all the modern technological quests, this search to create an artificially intelligent (AI) computer system has been one of the most ambitious and, not surprisingly, controversial. Artificial Intelligence is a broad topic including many different fields, from machine vision to expert systems. Artificial Intelligence or AI can be described as the attempt to build machines that think and act like humans, and that are able to learn and to use their knowledge to solve problems on their own. The element that is common in the fields of AI is the creation of machines that can "think." "

Tags:AI

Abstract
The paper states that Asperger's syndrome falls under the category of pervasive developmental disorders, and was first identified by Hans Asperger in 1944. The paper comments that autism is also a PDD, but is different and often more severe than Asperger's syndrome. Two researchers both identified the disorders in the 1940s, with Hans Asperger identifying what is now called Asperger's syndrome and Leo Kanner, an American, identifying what is now referred to as Kanner's autism. The paper discusses the disorders which are very similar, but yet are still different. It took many years before Asperger's syndrome was researched more thoroughly, as it was initially discounted due to Asperger's research occurring in Nazi Germany, and the seemingly similar topic to Kanner's research. Today the two disorders are separated in the DSM-IV.

Outline
History of Asperger's Syndrome
. - Hans Asperger
. - Leow Kanner
Differentiation of Asperger's from autism and other disorders
. - DSM-IV
. - ICD-10
. - Autism differences
. - Other disorders
Differentiation of Asperger's from Kanner's Autism
. - similarities
. - differences

From the Paper
"In addition to peculiarities in the verbal component of the speech of his subjects, Asperger noted an oddness in the non-verbal aspects of communication. Although all of his subjects spoke fluently, he noted abnormalities in their communication, especially in the use of gaze to establish non-verbal contact in a conversation. He observed an abnormality of gaze, so that "hardly ever does their glance fix brightly on a particular object as a sign of lively attention and contact" and commented that this peculiarity in eye contact was particularly evident when they were in conversation with others."

Tags:purposeful, intelligent, fine, motor, skills, abstract, thinkers

Abstract
This paper sets out to identify the key misconceptions of opiate use, why they still exist and how they affect proper pain assessment by health professionals. It critically analyzes how such misconceptions can affect decisions regarding the use of opiate analgesics. Additionally, evidence is described to dispel each misconception. Furthermore, strategies are discussed that can break down the barriers related to opioid utilization.

Outline:
Common Opioid Misconceptions
Dispelling Misconceptions
Suggested Alternative Solutions and strategies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Unrelieved pain is a serious and neglected public health problem, causing unjustified suffering for patients (Cleeland, 1997). For countless people, sufficient pain relief relies greatly on the use of opioids and yet they will refrain from using such forms of treatment because of false, mistaken ideas. This paper sets out to identify these key misconceptions of opiate use, why they still exist and how they affect proper pain assessment by health professionals. It will critically analyze how such misconceptions can affect decisions regarding the use of opiate analgesics. Additionally, evidence will be described to dispel each misconception. Furthermore, strategies will be discussed that can break down the barriers related to opioid utilization. Signs and symptoms of pain, methods of pain assessment, causes of pain and types of opioids will not be referred to in this paper"

Tags:pain, opiate, addiction, treatment

Abstract
The paper discusses the subject of schizophrenia and utilizes the film "A Beautiful Mind," a movie based on the life of John Nash, to introduce the subject. In the movie Nash was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The paper shows how the movie portrays the misperception that genius predisposes people to mental illness. The movie portrays the insulin shock therapy and anti psychotic medications he was given,and his determination never to use them again. The paper shows that schizophrenia symptoms can differ greatly between patients, but they usually exhibit some combination of delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder , movement disorder and inappropriate emotional expression that adversely affects their daily life. Nash, as portrayed in "A Beautiful Mind," exhibited all of those symptoms. The paper highlights the prenatal risks that are connected to schizophrenia and also the many reasons why this topic is important in the practice of medicine and/or mental health.

From the Paper
"There are many reasons why this topic is important in the practice of medicine and/or mental health. One reason is that it is a global problem with virtually all societies identify acute or chronic breakdowns in functioning, although the labeling is not universal. "There are significant gender variations in the findings surrounding schizophrenia. These include neuroanatomical differences, as well as differential developmental and behavioral patterns" (Galliano, 2003, p. 282). As we take individuals, regardless of gender, into account, an awareness of risk factors and then how they typically play out will be beneficial as we try to understand and help."

Tags:developmental, behavioral, patterns, prematurity

Abstract
This paper looks at all that is involved when changing genders. The author looks at both the surgical procedures along with the psychological implications. Detailed discussion of the surgical procedure is included -- and we therefore warn anyone before purchasing this paper that graphic accounts are given.

From the Paper
"Transsexualism is defined in the Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary as "a condition in which a person has an intense desire to discard one's biologic sex and live as a member of the opposite sex. It is considered a psychiatric disorder if the condition continues for more than 2 years. Some transsexual individuals crossdress and seek medical or surgical help to change their physical sex characteristics". Transexualism is marked by the belief of the individual that he or she was born into the wrong sex and should be the other. This is a conviction that usually dates back as far as the individual can remember and does not seem to be subject to change through life experiences. It can also be defined as extreme gender dysphoria. There is also a set of terminology created by the transgendered community that is now being adopted by the medical community. For example, a femisexual is a transsexual who crosses the gender barriers from male to female, having completed genital surgery whereas a mascusexual is a female-to-male transsexual who has completed genital surgery. Complisexual is a broad term to refer to individuals who are either femisexual or mascusexual. Treatment of transsexualism is aimed at helping the individual match their "inner sense" to their outward appearance and body, usually through hormone therapy and surgery. There are several theories as to what causes one to be a transsexual. Some are neurobiological while many older ones are psychosocial."

Tags:change, gender, perceptions, reassignment, self, sex, surgery, tg, transgender

Abstract
This paper looks at depression, a mental disorder affecting people of all ages from many walks of life. It examines the current research on its main causes and describes the four major types of depression that are known of today, clinical, bipolar disorder or manic depression, SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) and chronic depression, all of which have a varying detrimental effect on the person they are acting upon. It shows how the type of depression a person has is usually determined by a careful study of his/her background and the symptoms they exhibit on a regular basis. It also discusses methods of diagnosis such as psychological evaluation as well as methods of treatment such as psychotherapy, medication or antidepressants and exercise.

From the Paper
"In the past decade, depression medication has improved dramatically. Not only are the current drugs much more effective than before, the side effects are fewer and less severe (Cohen, 2002). Before the influx of new medications, few drugs were available to fight depression. Without drugs tailored to treat specific symptoms, treatments were rarely effective (Britannica, 2003). Now, with the wide array of drugs available to the public, antidepressant drugs can be matched to the symptoms they are customized to treat. Instead of having a single drug to combat depression, multiple drugs are available to treat specific types of depression. When multiple symptoms are displayed by a patient, an assortment of medication may be required (Staab-Feldman, 1999). It is not uncommon for a secondary medication to be prescribed to boost the effectiveness of the primary medication."

Tags:bipolar, disorder, illness, mental, chronic, sad, manic, clinical, psychotherapy

Abstract
This research proposal explores the disease of asthma, its symptoms, affected populations, and treatments, with particular focus on the usefulness and efficacy of nutritional supplements. The role of the FDA is touched upon, and the hypotheses and methodology for the proposed study are included. The paper concludes that possibly, if a study is undertaken with regards to nutritional supplements usage and the treatment of asthma in elderly and adult patients, effects can be noted and a base for further research can be developed.

Outline:
Background of the Problem
What is Nutrition?
How Does Nutrition Affect The Human Body?
Asthma and its Effects
Nutritional Supplements
Uses of Nutritional Supplements That a Physician Should Know About
Treatment of Asthma
Why Is Asthma Under Diagnosed And Under Treated In The Elderly?
Statement of Problem: Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma
Hypotheses for the Study
Definition of Terms
Importance of the Study - Nutritional Supplements and Asthma
Why should we study the effect of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma?
Research Questions for the Study
Methods of Research - Methodology
Procedure to Collect Data and Treatment of Data
Methods-Sample Selection and Sample Size
Ethics and Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Asthma is categorized as disease that has taken a toll on children, adolescents and elderly alike. It has symptoms that are easy to detect, and for such, treatment is usually always required. However, one thing to note here is the fact that Asthma is generally incurable and that it can only be controlled through drugs and medication, with proper and early diagnosis of asthma in the patient. (Mark, 2006)
"It is one the most common diseases in the United States and all over the world, with about approximately 20 million people affected with asthma in the United States only. In this, quite a large number are children. (Mark, 2006)"

Tags:asthmatic, vitamin, mineral