Abstract
This paper reviews the current and changing epidemiology of tuberculosis and the reasons why. It discusses how the epidemiological data demonstrates that TB in Canada is retreating into focal geographic areas and demographically well-defined populations that can be targeted for increased control and eradication efforts. It looks at how a significant proportion of TB in Canada is potentially preventable through the administration of preventive therapy to high-risk groups.

Outline:
TB Surveillance
Anatomic Disease Site
Infectiousness
National Trends
Geographic Distribution
Age Distribution
Sex Distribution
Ethnic Origin
Risk Factors
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As many as one in five Canadians were infected with TB in their lifetime at the turn of the 19th century, however, with the combination of an improved standard of living, public health interventions to interrupt transmission, and effective treatment, the morbidity and mortality rates of TB have been greatly reduced, and have made the elimination of TB in Canada a viable possibility. In spite of this, influx of greater numbers of immigrants from countries with a high prevalence of TB, continuing high case rates among aboriginal people, and the spread of HIV threaten this objective for the immediate future. "

Tags:tuberculin, infectious, disease, statistics, health

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that despite the rapid shift from institutional to community care, limited attention has been given to gauging or evaluating patient safety in the Canadian public sector. This paper sets out to define key terms in patient safety within the public health movement. The writer examines barriers that exist within the public health division and discusses significant patient safety issues. Further, the writer defines strategies for incorporating safety into the community arena and provides examples of current programs within the community that employ patient safety principles. The writer concludes that by preventing illness, injury and disease from adverse events, the sustainability of the publicly funded health care is strengthened as investments in prevention divert pressures over the long term.

From the Paper
"Changes brought on by the strains of the 21st century are revolutionizing the face of health care in Canada. Over the last ten years numerous countries including Canada have begun to focus on safety issues as pressures mount to target and reduce preventable injuries and death amongst patients. The epidemiological investigations that sparked these labors have demonstrated a consistently high level of error, although the spotlight has been almost exclusively on acute care settings. Surprisingly, most research has besieged regulated systems such as hospitals, even though literature shows a growing demand for home care services in Canada. Organized institutions such as hospitals are able to provide care with specialized professionals and support staff however the home care environment is much less controlled. Patient care is often supplied by unregulated healthcare personnel and family members in a location that was intended for living not for health care."

Tags:health, care, community, nurse

Abstract
The paper discusses Canada's primary health care struggles in meeting the needs of children with mental illness. The paper illustrates the challenges faced by nurses but shows how they are endeavoring to to meet these challenges. The paper discusses how nurses will be participating in new roles that encompass early child development, education, social services, child protection and mental disease prevention.

From the Paper
"Canadians requiring health care typically contact a primary health care provider such as a physician, nurse, dietician or social worker who works collaboratively with other professionals. Services that are rendered at the initial point of contact within the health care system are referred to as primary health care services and outline the basis of our Medicare system (Canadian Nurses Association, 1995). A strong primary health care system is vital to sustaining the future. Nonetheless, there are some worrisome health trends in Canada particularly seen in rising rates of obesity, injury, asthma, risky behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, poverty and mental illness in our children and adolescents (Canadian Council on Social Development, 2006)."

Tags:nurses, providers, acute, episodic, stable, chronic, psychiatrist

Abstract
This paper seeks to better understand what hospice care entails in Canada. It reviews some of the barriers faced by patients, families and palliative nurses with end of life issues. It discusses how quality of care at the end of life has many significant issues. The writer notes that countless citizens who could benefit from palliative care do not receive it or obtain it during the last few days or weeks of their illness. The author touches on strategies for overcoming the existing barriers in community based hospice care as well as how nurses can be leaders in ensuring that appropriate palliative care is received.

From the Paper
"Hospice care is not only for the patient; but for their family and friends as well. Emotional, spiritual, physical and social needs are addressed by the palliative team. Hospice provides tailored services in a caring community where patients and families attain the required groundwork for a death that is satisfactory to them. The nature of dying is one of a kind so that the goal of the hospice team is to be responsive and receptive to the special needs of each individual and family."
"Although hospice-palliative nurses bring expert knowledge and skills to the delivery of comprehensive and empathetic care to persons and families living with advanced illness, studies reveal that due to enormous barriers in end-of-life care in nursing homes and patients' residences, unnecessary suffering occurs at the bedside."

Tags:palliative, hospice, care, caregivers

Abstract
This paper provides a descriptive general interest essay on severe acute respiratory syndrome and its effect on world wide affairs. The essay cites specific references to instances in Toronto, Hong Kong, and China among others. This paper delves into the causes of SARS from gene mutation to the spread of the disease. It also analyzes the impact on healthcare systems, the global economy, and impact on workplaces.

Contents:
Spread of the Disease
Pathogens Responsible
Signs / Symptoms
Effect of Pathogen on the Body/Disrupting Homeostasis & Problems related to Treating SARS Patients
Impact on Healthcare
Ethics of Dealing with SARS
Ethics of Dealing with SARS in the Workplace

From the Paper
"A city in fear is no city at all. In November 2002 the disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) came to Toronto by way of China and set in motion a global fear of an epidemic. There was no cure, no background knowledge, and no available treatment. SARS was a sudden onset respiratory illness that scientists are still working on not only reliable testing for, but also a cure. This paper will discuss the rise and fall of SARS and its effects on the world community, and its impact on our lives in the greater Toronto Area. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a contagious and fatal form of pneumonia that originated in China in 2002 and quickly spread across the globe. When originally contracted no available treatments offered any relief to the sever symptoms that took over a victim. The swift worldwide spread of the disease combined with its fatal nature prompted the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) to issue a worldwide alert, designating SARS as a world wide health threat, a virtual modern plague. This onset of fear motivated governments to establish never before seen procedures for infection control to prevent an epidemic. Despite these procedures approximately 8,000 cases of SARS were reported and caused 800 deaths in 32 countries."

Tags:care, china, disease, fears, health, spread

Abstract
This paper explains that the Smoke Free Ontario Act, requiring cigarettes to be covered at point of purchase, is an attempt to help smokers who want to quit to avoid impulse purchases and to curb the normalization of smoking in the minds of youths. The author presents arguments for and against this act and reviews other legislation to stop smoking. The paper includes color illustrations and graphs.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Arguments For The Smoke Free Ontario Act
The Power Wall
Power Of The Brand
Who Supports The Act
Arguments Against The Smoke Free Ontario Act
Conclusion
Advertising Ban
Warning Labels On Cigarette Packs
Raising Taxes
Www.Stupid.Ca
Banning Smoking In Public Places
Display Bans On Tobacco
Recommendation
Appendix 1: History Of Tobacco Legislation
Appendix 2: 2005 Smokers, By Province And Territory
Appendix 3: Stock Prices Of Tobacco Companies
Appendix 4: Reasons People Smoke

From the Paper
"Cigarettes are a commodity product, distinguishable only through the image of their brand. This has been proven through blind-fold tests on dedicated brand smokers who could not tell their brand from others when branding images were removed. It is also true that smokers choose their brand early, when they first begin smoking, based on the brands smoked by their peers. In the US, Newport cigarettes have a 75% market share among blacks and only 12% among whites. It can hardly be asserted that the reason for this is that different tastes appeal to different races."

Tags:commodity, taxes, out-of-mind, youths, branding

Abstract
This paper sets out to identify the key misconceptions of opiate use, why they still exist and how they affect proper pain assessment by health professionals. It critically analyzes how such misconceptions can affect decisions regarding the use of opiate analgesics. Additionally, evidence is described to dispel each misconception. Furthermore, strategies are discussed that can break down the barriers related to opioid utilization.

Outline:
Common Opioid Misconceptions
Dispelling Misconceptions
Suggested Alternative Solutions and strategies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Unrelieved pain is a serious and neglected public health problem, causing unjustified suffering for patients (Cleeland, 1997). For countless people, sufficient pain relief relies greatly on the use of opioids and yet they will refrain from using such forms of treatment because of false, mistaken ideas. This paper sets out to identify these key misconceptions of opiate use, why they still exist and how they affect proper pain assessment by health professionals. It will critically analyze how such misconceptions can affect decisions regarding the use of opiate analgesics. Additionally, evidence will be described to dispel each misconception. Furthermore, strategies will be discussed that can break down the barriers related to opioid utilization. Signs and symptoms of pain, methods of pain assessment, causes of pain and types of opioids will not be referred to in this paper"

Tags:pain, opiate, addiction, treatment

Abstract
This paper looks at the privatization of healthcare in Canada. Under the NAFTA, health care in Canada cannot be preserved if there is private operation. Once a province has decided to allow the operation of private health care and HMO?s, then under the NAFTA every province in Canada is obliged to do the same. This is irreversible since by allowing the change toward privatization an alteration has been made to a NAFTA reservation.

From the Paper
"One of Canada's greatest legacies can be considered to be its socially funded Medicare system, founded by Saskatchewan Premier T.C.Douglas in 1947. Ongoing conflict in 1984 between the federal and provincial governments over health care expenditures eventually led to the passing of a new legislation identifying the five basic principles of the Canadian public health care system. This legislation was the Canadian Health Act of 1984, and it was strongly lobbied for by the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). "The federal government took the position that extra-billing and user fees were eroding Medicare, and further that if those practices were allowed to continue and increase, a two tiered system of health care would develop, one for the rich, and another for the poor" (Kerr, J.R., & MacPhail, J., 1996)."

Tags:11, agreement, alberta, american, bill, canada, care, free, gats, health, north, nursing, trade, wto

Abstract
This paper presents the argument that the best health care system for Canada would be a mixed system - with both private or public features. The paper examines pros and cons of both the public and the private health care systems in order to determine their best features.

From the Paper
"Canada's health-care system ranks among the best in the world but it falls far behind most European and Middle East nations because of the financial burden it imposes on users. Because Canadians have to pay so much taxes, Canada rates only 30th place in the first international analysis of health care in the world's 191 countries.1 It is often argued that Canada should drop the public health system and follow in the US' footsteps by privatizing its health care system, but the US's health care system is arguably flawed with almost 15 per cent of its population lacking any type of health insurance and is ranked only in 37th place in the international analyses of health care in the world.2 "

Tags:care, ethics, health, public

Abstract
This research proposal explores the disease of asthma, its symptoms, affected populations, and treatments, with particular focus on the usefulness and efficacy of nutritional supplements. The role of the FDA is touched upon, and the hypotheses and methodology for the proposed study are included. The paper concludes that possibly, if a study is undertaken with regards to nutritional supplements usage and the treatment of asthma in elderly and adult patients, effects can be noted and a base for further research can be developed.

Outline:
Background of the Problem
What is Nutrition?
How Does Nutrition Affect The Human Body?
Asthma and its Effects
Nutritional Supplements
Uses of Nutritional Supplements That a Physician Should Know About
Treatment of Asthma
Why Is Asthma Under Diagnosed And Under Treated In The Elderly?
Statement of Problem: Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma
Hypotheses for the Study
Definition of Terms
Importance of the Study - Nutritional Supplements and Asthma
Why should we study the effect of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma?
Research Questions for the Study
Methods of Research - Methodology
Procedure to Collect Data and Treatment of Data
Methods-Sample Selection and Sample Size
Ethics and Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Asthma is categorized as disease that has taken a toll on children, adolescents and elderly alike. It has symptoms that are easy to detect, and for such, treatment is usually always required. However, one thing to note here is the fact that Asthma is generally incurable and that it can only be controlled through drugs and medication, with proper and early diagnosis of asthma in the patient. (Mark, 2006)
"It is one the most common diseases in the United States and all over the world, with about approximately 20 million people affected with asthma in the United States only. In this, quite a large number are children. (Mark, 2006)"

Tags:asthmatic, vitamin, mineral