Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the characteristics of different time periods in music starting with Medieval music and cites examples in each category. The author then moves on to look at some prominent composers, including, (to name but a few), Purcell, Vivaldi, Shutz, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, and shows how their works demonstrate the traits of the periods previously mentioned. The author concludes with a brief discussion of form and structure looking at various examples such as song form, themes and variations and sonatas.

From the paper:

"Franz Liszt
Liszt was a composer of the Romantic period and was among the first to arrange entire programs of solo piano music. He composed piano miniatures, solo piano music, transcription pieces, symphonic poems and symphonies. Some of his best known pieces include Mephisto Waltz, Totenanz,Leibestraum and the Hungarian Rhapsodies."

Tags:middle ages baroque renaissance medieval plain chant troubadour music polyphonic motet opera trio counterpoint classical cadences symphony minuet rondo sonata romanticism symphonic poem concerto wagner impressionism debussy twentieth century rigadoon, con

Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to develop an accurate biographical sketch of Franz Schubert, the background of "6 Moment Musicaux Opus 94", and an analysis of its musicality. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"Franz Schubert was a prolific Romantic composer whose music continues to entertain many people today. While much is known about the composer is some respects, little or nothing is known about circumstances surrounding his composition of 6 Moment Musicaux Opus 94, except perhaps he had just bought a piano following his first and only public concert he performed and he needed the money. "

Tags:beethoven, classical, mass, romantic, symphony

Abstract
The paper asserts that the "Mass in B Minor" not only sums up Bach's own eclectic style, but also sums up the styles of previous periods as well. This paper first addresses some of the historical aspects surrounding the Mass. It then discusses controversial theories regarding Bach's purpose in writing such a work and finally acknowledges a small variety of those styles, i.e., stile antico, galant, that Bach assimilated into this monumental work.

From the Paper
"Throughout the Mass in B minor there are three clearly distinct styles of Baroque vocal writing that can be heard influencing this quite eclectic work. The first is the traditional stile antico or "church style," the somewhat plain and simple manner inherited from the Renaissance (prima practica). In this musical style the notation employs long note values, dissonance and melodic ornamentation are used cautiously, and the instruments are used primarily to double the choral parts. In contrast, the vibrant, sometimes harsh Baroque style displays an often lively rhythm, brilliant orchestration, expressive dissonance, and melodic lines that are highly ornamented. The third and final type is that of the arias and duets, derived predominately from the virtuosic solo writing of the opera and cantata."

Tags:baroque, latin, racoco, sanctus

Abstract
Henry Purcell (1659-1695) was one of the greatest English composers. In a very short lifetime he managed to write a large amount of music in various genres, much of which is still played and admired today.

From the Paper
"Henry Purcell (1659-1695) was one of the greatest English composers. In a very short lifetime he managed to write a large amount of music in various genres, much of which is still played and admired today. But Purcell's greatest talent was in the composition of vocal works and English opera had not yet developed sufficiently in Purcell's lifetime to give him the scope his talent required. Rather than writing full-scale operas Purcell wrote scores for a hybrid form of dramas with music and incidental music for a great number of plays and masques. Despite the failure to find a perfect match between his talent and the complementary musical form, Purcell wrote theatrical music of great dramatic power and works of other types, such as those for keyboard, that were both charming and brilliant.

It is assumed from later evidence that Purcell was born in ..."

Abstract
This paper first talks about Mozart's childhood and adolescent years as a composer and then talks about his compositions during his adult years. The paper discusses Mozart's influence, his technique, his style, and his genius. Several of Mozart's works are cited and described, and the qualities that make them masterpieces are explained.

From the Paper
"Born in Salzburg, Austria, on January 27, 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the son of Leopold Mozart, the second Kapellmeister at the court of the Archbishop. From his earliest childhood, Mozart revealed the most extraordinary musical powers and for a number of years, beginning when he was six years old, Mozart appeared throughout Europe, inspiring awe and adoration wherever he went. His first four violin sonatas were published in Paris when he was eight; his first symphonies were performed in London when he was nine; his first two comic operas were completed when he was twelve, and at the age of fourteen, Mozart wrote on commission his first opera seria, produced in Milan in 1770 during his first tour of Italy."

Tags:germany, music, operas, concertos, symphonies, magic, flute, larghetto, piano, violins

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of the piano in history. Specifically, the paper discusses the three-hundred-year history of the piano. The piano is a fascinating instrument with a long history that includes many transformations. Today, the piano is still one of the most popular instruments for composers and musicians alike.

Contents
Introduction
The History of the Piano
The History and Construction of the Piano
Small Pianos in Europe and America, 1770-1795
Curators Who Keep Scores

From the Paper
"The piano is one of our most popular instruments, and it enjoys a long and varied history. The piano we know and play today is far different from the first pianos, which resembled organs with pipes, and even stringed instruments. As one author writes, "To some the piano is merely a piece of furniture, to others it is a musical instrument. But this amazing machine is much more than just a large, wooden object: it is an intricate mechanical device designed to produce a vast range of musical tones" (Crombie). It seems the very first keyboard instruments were types of organs found as far back as Egypt in the second century B.C. (Wier 1). Initially, the keys were plucked, as on a harp or a harpsichord, and later, the keys were struck with a hammer or mallet, such as today's dulcimer."

Tags:music, instrument, classical, bach, organ, pipe, wind

Abstract
This paper examines Flamenco and its dance Paso Doble. The paper describes the musical style of Flamenco and its musical instruments, including their physical description, sounds, uses and how to play. The paper describes many different styles of Flamenco music and offers examples as well as providing details about the dances of Paso Doble and its origins and impacts on Spain. This paper connects 13th century Flamenco to today's 21st century modernized Flamenco. The paper concludes that the history, form and instruments of Flamenco have helped to shape a culture and carve a piece of notable music today.

From the Paper
"Flamenco originates from Andalucia, a region in the South of Spain. It is theorized that the name Flamenco refers to a slang used by Spaniards in the 16th century towards the returning Flemish courtiers and soldiers known for their bright coloured clothing and conspicuous manners. Other theories suggest that the name Flamenco refers to the name erroneously given to Gypsies in the 14th century when they first entered Spain and created this form of music. It is suggested that Flamenco is derived from the words "fellah mangu" which translates to "a labourer who sings" referring to gypsy songs sung while working in mines accompanied only by the rhythmic sounds of the hammer and anvil pounding. It was not until the 17th century that Flamenco came into its own form. Through the 18th and 19th centuries it began to flourish in the cafA(c)'s of Andalusian townships and by the 20th century the music began to spread outside remote area's of Spain and into the surrounding world. Flamenco has reached audiences worldwide and will continue to do so because it is constantly modified and updated to appeal to newer and younger audiences while remaining tied to its proud heritage."

Tags:guitar, gypsies, tradition, dance

From the Paper
"Ludwig van Beethoven is a well known composer who lived during the transition from Classicism to Romanticism. He inherited from the Classical period certain musical styles which were well cultivated, but, because of outside circumstances and the force of his genius, he changed this heritage and became the source of much that was characteristic of the Romantic period. Beethoven's music tends to follow his life experience. His work is customarily divided into three periods, each reflecting distinctive levels in his artistic development.

Most of the music from Beethoven's first period is similar to the music of the mature Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, which was identified by a preoccupation with ... "

Tags:MUSIC: CLASSICAL

Abstract
This paper explores Stravinsky's long and monumental musical career, discusses the different styles of music that he adopted and developed along the way and explains how the brilliant composer reflected the cultural and historical environment of the times in his work. It also takes a brief look at Russian culture and folk music and assesses how it influenced Stravinsky's music.

From the Paper
"Recognized as one of the promising young musical talents, Stravinsky was now ready for greater things in life. Even before Petrushka (1911) Stravinsky wanted to write a symphonic pagan ritual initially titled Great Sacrifice. Diaghalev persuaded him to cast it in the form of a ballet that came to be called The Rite of Spring and was destined to herald the start of the modernist era in classical music. The first performance of The Rite at the Theatre des Champs Elysees, Paris on May 29, 1913 has become "the most notorious event in the musical history of the century." (Glass, 2000). As soon as the first notes of the unusual music sounded, uproar broke out in the audience. Stravinsky's daring and creative music was cheered, protested and argued over so loudly during the performance that the dancers were unable to hear the orchestra and fights broke out in the audience. (Ibid.) Modern music would never be the same again."

Tags:folk, music, russian, culture, ballet, neoclassical, psalm

Abstract
The writer begins with the origins of this essential bass instrument, going into what instruments and inventions led to the creation of the tuba. It then talks about its use in both the band and orchestra settings. Finally, it shows the importance of the tuba through its uses and demands.

From the Paper
"Polka, "Oompa", whole notes, blatty, and always behind the beat: the unfortunate, but common images of tubas have often been thus. Even the players have been pictured as nothing that would improve upon the idea of the tuba. These people are usually pictured as geeky, adolescent, fat pimple-faced boys in a high school band, which is full of pig tales, snotty noses, and pocket protectors. Although I am a tuba player, and I have heard and seen such references to these images I would like to show the world, or at least those who read this paper, that the tuba and its family are very important and independent instruments in music and music literature."

Tags:brahms, brass, instruments, mahler, music, musical, wagner