Abstract
This paper explains that philosopher Donna Jeanne Haraway draws from the tradition of Louis Althusser and Martin Heidegger to develop her hypotheses outlining the nature of the interspecies relationship between people and animal or "hailing". As interpreted by Althusser and Heidegger, the author relates that "hail", which is from the archaic word interpellate, is given an additional meaning by Haraway. Based on Haraway's work, the paper concludes that the "hailing" of animals call people to account for the way they affect the lives of animals, and the "hailing" of people call animals to a close, inseparable, interspecies relationship bound within the structure of human society.

From the Paper
"Haraway adds to these two meanings of hail a third, the more conventional meaning of interpellation. Animals hail people to "account for the regimes in which they and we must live", and by doing so, they challenge people to justify the practices of society which create the circumstances of life that animals and people must live in. The effect of the hail is threefold: firstly, humans hail animals, creating a subject out of animals by the hail, bringing animals into our social discourse of power."

Tags:interpellate, primatology, relationships, political, narrative

From the Paper
" Introduction
This paper compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods in three basic areas. These are: epistemological foundations, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. The paper ends with a brief summary of the primary points made.

Comparison
Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) discuss several similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. With respect to similarities, both kinds of research formulate epistemological positions regarding the nature of causation and reality and both comprise a set of methods for designing research, collecting data, analyzing data, and..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process.

From the Paper
" Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called "twinning" after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process."

Tags:genes, biology, medicine, egg, generic, scientists, research, cell, DNA, oval, offspring, chromosomes, fertilization

Abstract
The following paper examines why many theorists reject the existence of natural law as well as why many agree to its being defined as a set of innate moral principles which are common to all human beings. It is the aim of this paper to identify and discuss the important similarities and differences that exist between the two theories making reference to the theories of Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) and St.Thomas Aquinas (1224/25 - 1274).

From the Paper
Aquinas proposed that the essential quality setting human beings apart from the rest of the animal world was that of reason. In a development of Aristotle s theory.Aquinas asserts that all men naturally possess an internalized divine spark of reason,which serves as the guide to an autonomous and responsible decision making process.

Tags:academic, world's, influential, thinkers, ideas, theories, natural, law, Aquinas, drawing, equality, methods, forces

Abstract
This paper explains that Rene Descartes, a 17th century Renaissance philosopher and scientist, was considered a rationalist. The author points out that he derived scientific methods using specific rules about the study of knowledge instead of trusting human senses as being capable of determining truth alone. The paper contends that, although Descartes is credited as being the father of psychology among many other sciences, he would not have viewed psychology as a true science because of its reliance on human senses for observation and its attempts to study the mind, an object that is not tangible according to Descartes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Descartes History
Descartes' Beliefs
Descartes' Education
Descartes' View on Science and Psychology
Descartes' Methods of Science
Descartes and Psychology
Psychology is not a Science for Descartes

From the Paper
"It is easy to see how Descartes methods apply well to sciences such as Physics or Chemistry, but it is much more difficult to apply such methods to the science of Psychology. Descartes believed in the separation of the mind from the body, and he believed that the possession of a mind is what set humans apart from all other animals. It is his work on the mind and the central nervous system that usually gives him credit as being the father of Psychology, but Psychology is the study of the mind and of behaviour, and Descartes would not agree with the former."

Tags:mind, scientific methods, jesuits steps, central nervous system

Abstract
This paper discusses the Cartesian mind-body dilemma by analyzing Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy". The paper explains that Cartesian dualism intended to moderate between the established religious paradigm of the time and the emerging natural sciences and by positing mind and body as complete substances which refer to nothing but themselves. The paper also looks at how Descartes' theory of mind preserves the religious conception of man as an immortal soul in possession of free will by placing such outside the realm of the physical sciences. The paper points out that Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" seeks to establish two distinct classes of substances in mind and extension, but fails to adequately address the manner in which these two incommensurable substances interact to generate our experience of the world. The writer suggests that Descartes conceives of the body as a 'kingdom within a kingdom' of mind, and is left with the problem of how these kingdoms are able to carry out diplomatic relations with one another.

From the Paper
"The cogito, 'I think therefore I am', delimits mind as the substance of thought, the primary existential of being. This is arrived at by proposing that there could be a malicious demon of some sort that may be propagating a vast illusion of experience, generating even our thoughts. Even in this radical scepticism, however, Descartes concludes that there must be something that this hoax is played upon, and no matter what this demon may be able to do, he can never convince something that it is nothing; "...I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind" . The cogito, therefore, shows mind to be a substance that is necessarily true without reference to any other substance. It is the essence to which all the modes of thought refer."

Tags:metaphysics, cogito, thoughts, demon, soul, science

Abstract
Behaviorism, as described by philosopher B.F. Skinner in his work "Walden Two", is a scientific manner of understanding human actions as based on a certain set of principles. The paper examines Skinner's view that all actions are the result of a series of determined factors in "competition" with each other. Whichever factor proves to be dominant will determine the final action. The paper argues that while these factors can be "charted" to determine the probable end results of human action, it should be noted that these factors are not always totally predictable. It shows that Skinner, though, would simply argue that this lack of predictability was merely a technical problem that would eventually be resolved.

From the Paper
"Finally there exists the problem of ultimate control. His whole concept of society is to be based on regulated planning to produce favorable situations, but who or what would be responsible for this centralized control. Skinner proposes that the "charlatans" who now have control over certain segmented areas will be replaced when all is "united", but he does not suggest who it is that will replace them. Obviously someone or something must be in overall command of this series of controls, but on what basis will this be decided."

Tags:reinforcement, humanity

From the Paper
"The most sought after power in the history of man is immortality. Stories have flowed through generations concerning its power and whereabouts. Legends about Floridian Fountains have motivated some in search of it. Movies about the life giving chalice of Jesus have even been made. On the surface it appears as if immortality is the ultimate spoil of life. But if put in a position to receive this power, would most mortals accept, or refuse? Karel Capek wrote a play illustrating what could happen if immortality became reality among mere mortals. Bernard Williams believes that death gives a meaning to our lives that is stripped with the onset of immortality. He suggests that immortality is the worst thing anyone could have happen to them. Yet, Williams overlooks a number of factors and makes some odd assumptions in his argument. Immortality is not necessarily a misfortune."

Tags:capek, heaven, karel, life, religion, resurrection

Abstract
This paper traces the scientific theories that come from Darwin's Theory of Evolution with a focus on the impact they have had on society.

From the Paper
"Everyone, at some time or another, finds it necessary to justify their actions in some way. To do so, we often use examples of similar actions, historical events, or written facts that support and justify our own actions. Throughout history, many pieces of writing have been used to justify various actions and events. The Bible has been used to justify a great deal of actions: both good and bad. Everything that is written, can be interpreted in different ways by different people. For example, the Bible says "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."[1] This has been used by legal systems to justify capital punishment. However, it has also been used by murderers to justify their revengeful and unlawful crimes."

Tags:darwinism, dawrin, erich, eugenics, evolution, fittest, fromm, genocide, hitler, holocaust, social, survival

From the Paper
"Throughout history, one of the most pondered questions is "what is the meaning of life?" Some religions use the notion of an afterlife as a means to obtaining some higher meaning of life. Whether or not this afterlife exists has also been a topic of debate and ponderance for centuries. Some have believed that religion is the opiate of the masses, "created" solely to keep hope that the post-mortem experience is more fulfilling than earthly existence. It is generally regarded that in order to survive death one must remain them self, in other words, they must retain their identity. But what dictates your identity? Is it your soul? Is it your psychology? Could it be the continued existence of your body? All three of these accounts of identity are popular and offer different explanations for the continuation of self after death. "

Tags:death, heaven, identity, immortality, life, personal