Abstract
This paper gives an overview of some of the powers at the disposal of the president and how they have created serious implications for the development and consolidation of democracy. It starts with a brief discussion about the Soviet Union's legacy and contribution to the Russian presidential system. It also looks at how the presidency arose in Russia and covers Yeltsin's presidential abuses and powers as well as Putin's.

From the Paper
"Powerful executives have traditionally been at the helm of Russian politics. The tsars were at the peak of a steep pyramid of power, only God superseding their authority. Willerton (39-40) contends that the custom of having a strong executive head-ing the country bled over into the Soviet period, with execu-tives like Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev occupying much of their time with the purpose of consolidating power within the party-state system. The General Secretary of the Communist Party was the country's senior-most executive, holding broad powers of supervision over other secretaries and subordinate bodies."

Tags:gorbachev, political, putin, science, soviet, stalin, union, ussr, yeltsin

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that education and enforcement in the markets are the two primary global roles of the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission's (SEC) at the national level. The writer notes that a key vision of the SEC is to set the highest standards and be a model to other federal agencies. This vision is complemented with the pristine mission to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. Working with numerous agencies the SEC has numerous roles that are discussed below emphasizing the importance of an effective and efficient regulator of the securities markets. This paper shows the SEC has adapted to market changes throughout the years. The writer concludes that market legislation is constantly evolving and only the SEC has the ability as the primary federal securities regulator to find the right balances in the U.S. economy to produce wealth and prosperity through investor confidence.

Outline:
Introduction
Priorities
How the SEC Was Created
The Four Divisions of the SEC
Agencies that Work with the SEC
Evolving Laws of the SEC
ENRON
Conclusion

From the Paper
"An utmost priority of the SEC is to maintain the integrity of the U.S. markets. Investors simply will not participate in an economy that allows fraud and corruption to prevail. Average citizens rely on investments for children's education, retirement and general savings necessities. A leading example is set by the SEC as the primary regulator of the U.S. securities markets. Creating common laws, regulations and procedures are vital roles.
"Trickle-down economics, a term used during the Reagan-Bush era coincided with deregulation and created havoc in the markets. Many businesses prospered however, regulatory bodies became ineffective due to the government's deregulating motives. Fraud, corruption, bankruptcies and other criminal acts forced the government to reconsider deregulation and give the SEC more strength. Regulation, deregulation, rules, laws and other principles are created, developed and modified by the SEC to protect the markets."

Tags:markets, investors, regulations, capital, growth

Abstract
This paper asserts that it is the voter's responsibility to ensure that safe practices, whether related to environmental protections, occupational safety, or enforcement or sentencing related to white-collar crime become a priority for those elected. The paper makes its point by using several examples to illustrate how the public, for too long, has surrendered all public interest and decision-making powers to its president-elect. Specifically, the paper provides a cross-section of four public issues and describes the role legislation has taken in dealing with these issues. This paper argues that the citizenry of the United States, as voters, are partially responsible for holding those in power accountable. Legislators demonstrate repeatedly and consistently that their interests are vastly different from those of the general population, regardless of what they promise on election podiums.

Outline:
Impact and Interventions in the National and International Waste Oil Industry
The Demise of OSHA
Telemarketing Fraud: Impact and Penalties
Imprisonment of White-Collar Criminals
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1947, the generation of the planet's toxic pollutants in landfills and other storage facilities totaled five million metric tons; however, in 1988, more than 300 million tons of waste were generated, 265 million of those tons were in the US alone (Lee, 1992). To facilitate legitimate disposal practices, there are currently 75,000 industrial, and 15,000 municipal landfills in the Unites States (McFarland-Benedict, Salzman, & Miller, 1986). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reported overwhelmingly however, that these facilities are deteriorated, defective, poorly controlled, and leaching toxins into the environment (Rebovich, 1996)."

Tags:waste, dumping, work, safety, health, telemarketing, criminals, sentences

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the many issues that have been raised in the debate between the protection of civil liberties and national security that has arisen since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. The paper looks at how and why the framers of the U.S. Constitution made the protection of civil liberties such an important part of the moral fabric of the country and how this may have in some way contributed to the difficulties in preventing such a devastating attack. The question of what needs to be done in order to prevent this from happening again, including discussion that may require changes in this basic tenet in American society, is also discussed. The author looks at some proposals for increased national security including profiling, that may, because of the nature of the Constitution, become impossible to enact. The paper also discusses why these changes must become necessary in order to protect the population against forces in society that were not in existence at the time the framers wrote the Constitution.

From the Paper
"With the attacks of the World Trade Center the society saw the government investigators beginning to randomly eavesdrop on phone calls. They began to read mails that had before remained confidential; suspects were rounded up in thousands and detained without warrants and without any charges being made against them. New rules have since been established that claim that the administration has the right to monitor the communication that is considered with "reasonable suspicion." Racial profiling is being done as the FBI questions foreign nations within US soil on different visa statuses. Lists are drawn up and any person with even a remote link to the nations of the terrorist network al-Qaida is being rounded up. Justice officials say the men, all age 18 to 33 and with non-immigrant visas, are not suspects but are wanted for voluntary interviews."

Tags:constitution, rights, government, protection, laws, priority, infrastructure, radical, impact, world, trade, fbi, profiling, racial, interviews, 911

Abstract
This paper describes the problems faced by the NDP in Atlantic Canada in gaining the popularity needed to form a government in any of the three provinces in the region. The paper analyzes the stigmas created including the idea of not having proven themselves on the political stage, traditional values of the voters, and the ideals of the surrounding electorate. The writer uses as a reference an example of the NDP in Nova Scotia where all three stigmas can be seen. Also provided are other explanations for the NDP's failure.

From the Paper
"It has been the situation in the past that the Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives have formed the governments of Nova Scotia seemingly in turn of one another and without fear of the NDP. In recent elections however the NDP have gathered a support base of voters and have been seen, possibly an unintentional consequence, as the only alternative to the two parties that seem almost as one. The people of Nova Scotia have finally decided that they have had enough and are willing to vote for an alternative to the corruption and hierarchy of the powers that be. But will that mean an upturn for the NDP or will people over look their alternative status because of their seemingly narrow scope of ideals and principles."

Tags:brunswick, culture, new, nova, pei, political, scotia, elections, politics

Abstract
The paper discusses how the political environment has a strong influence on how the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) operates. The paper also shows how business and industry have a strong influence on politics, which ultimately affect rules, regulations and various legislation. The paper asserts that when the government supports capitalism and views the OSHA as an impediment to business and industry it makes it difficult for such an agency to function. Therefore, the paper contends that independence from politics is required for the OSHA to be effective and meet its mandates.

From the Paper
"Government bureaucracy is horrendous for preventing new and improved rules and regulations to take effect. A serious problem is that developing and finally approving regulations take at least four years, often much longer, not including a few additional years absorbed by court challenges (Schichor & Gaines, 2002). Cases that are brought to the courts are often too complex for the judicial process. Since the Department of Justice has not been prosecuting OSHA has been reluctant, advocates claim, to refer cases (Schichor & Gaines, 2002). The few cases that reach the courts meet the same fate as most white-collar crimes with few convictions and minor penalties."

Tags:business, politics, safety, standards, protections

Abstract
A paper that shows that in a world of expanding business and human mobility there is an increasing prevalence of corporations extending internationally, resulting in many political and social implications. The author finds that although conventionally, one would join a lobby firm in order to influence government policy through bureaucratic channels; in light of growing corporate globalization, one can argue that these conventional channels are no longer able to reflect the demands and interests of the general population. He finds that although lobby firms possess substantial resources in lobbying government, it is in the flexible structure of informal grassroots organizations that people will be able to influence policy in a globalized world. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of transnational networks in influencing policy by highlighting the insufficiencies of lobby firms, outlining the characteristics of social movements that make them effective, and illustrating the application of these tactics in specific campaigns. Ultimately, it is in these informal movements that the demands of the general public will be heard. The paper focuses on Canada's experience.

From the Paper
"Ultimately, in a world increasingly dominated by multinational corporations, the future of public interests lies in the methods of grassroots organizations. Lobby firms have become ineffective in representing interests of the public, as they are now puppets of the big business interests who hire them. Likewise, governments have ceased to become the focus of policy change, as they too, have subordinated themselves to the interests of multinational corporations. Thus, it is in the flexible and adaptive structures of grassroots lobbying that Canadian voices and interests will be heard in the global arena. The reality that the strength of corporations in this arena is indubitable; yet, it is in the mobilization of collective action from grassroots organizations that will keep these corporations in check and ensure global social justice."

Tags:gatt, greenpeace, mai, movements, multinational, shell, social, wto

Abstract
This paper refers to concepts of proportional representation, regional representation and asymmetrical federalism in reference to the status of Quebec in Canada. It calls for a reformed and strengthened Canadian Senate to promote provincial interests within the federal system.

From the Paper
"Still, in the current Canadian political context, the Senate does serve some functions. However, the potential exists to expand its role and structure to serve a more active role in the Canadian political system. Specifically, the Senate ought to be reformed and strengthened to promote provincial interests within the federal system. Existing models and concepts of Senate reform will be critically evaluated before a model is presented which will attempt to rectify existing problems, as well as to avoid potential failings which critics of Senate reform often predict."

Tags:asymmetrical, constitution, federalism, proportional, representation, canada, political, system, provincial, regional, reform

Abstract
This paper discusses the different institutions of Canada's Westminster Model of Government and how these institutions interact. The strengths and weaknesses of each institution, and the Westminster model as a whole, are discussed. The author also compares the Westminster model as it is used in the UK, to the model that has been adopted in Canada.

There is a bibliography, but no footnotes, or endnotes.

From the Paper
"The institutions of Canada's Westminster include a dual executive, consisting of the Prime Minister and his/her Cabinet. The legislature is comprised of two houses, the upper house being the appointed senate, and the lower house being the elected House of Commons. Canada's Westminster uses a Single Member Plurality electoral system, in which each constituency receives one seat in the House of Commons, and victory is achieved by a one vote lead. Canada's Judiciary is made up of a series of courts, with the Supreme Court reigning as the highest in the land."

Tags:bicameralism, canada, democracy, government, parliament, uk, westminster, executive, legislature, electorial, judiciary, houses, senate, commons, charter, canada, federalism, confidence, rules

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law