Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of the anti-globalization New Left in Canada, and explains their ideology, motivation, and relationship with the Old Left, such as organized labor. It describes that the New Left believes the Canadian political system weakens minor parties and makes parliamentary action useless. The paper describes why the New Left will have difficultly achieving power.

From the Paper
"The "new left" is a distinct kind of interest group, a sub-set of standard interest groups referred to as social movements. Their organizational structure and preferred mode of political action, namely, the mobilization of non-governmental groups to attempt to influence public opinion via protests against corporations and agents of international economic globalization, is an expression of the core element of their ideology; that governments are impotent in the face of capitalist economic globalization. More specifically, they believe the Canadian political system with its limited role for democracy, the declining influence of Parliament, strong party system and the systemic way it weakens minor parties makes parliamentary action useless. For the NDP, notwithstanding its need for new support, has have been unable to incorporate the "new left" into its traditional bases of support because of nature of mass party structures. This incompatibility is detrimental to both sides; the methods of the "new left" to not appear conducive to success, and the traditional support for the NDP is continuing to weaken."

Tags:anti, globalization, movement, politics, pressure, social, canada, left, organized, labour

Abstract
This paper examines the current Canadian Senate and how it is a useless and outdated institution in dire need of reform. It demonstrates how the Senate as it currently exists, is a waste of money, serves only a symbolic role and goes against the principles of democracy. It evaluates how the Senate, if reformed, could alleviate the political tensions that exist between the federal government and their provincial counterparts, through provincial equality within the Upper House. It also looks at the increased legitimacy the Upper House would enjoy, if the Senate undertook a more active role in the Canadian legislative process and abandoned the appointment system.

From the Paper
"Ontario and Quebec combine to account for 62% of the Canadian population4. Both Western and Atlantic Canada feel that the House of Commons is the place where representation by population should be exercised, not in the Upper House, "The Senate should serve as a stronger voice, in federal decision making, for the less populated provinces"5. The Central Canadian rule in the House of Commons is properly justified. Ontario and Quebec control 174 out of the 295 seats in the Canadian legislature, which happens to be only 59% of the seats6. Despite the fact that the House of Commons occupation by Central Canada is proportionately less than their occupation of the Canadian population, although insignificantly, the bordering regions of Canada do not feel that they are properly represented in Ottawa."

Tags:parliament, upper, house, provincial, equality

Abstract
This paper examines how over the centuries, China has had different levels of involvement in Tibet. It looks at how prior to 1950, Tibet was inhabited entirely by ethnic Tibetans and how policies by the People's Republic of China have changed the makeup of the region. It discusses how despite the efforts of a global social campaign led by the exiled Dalai Lama, the P.R.C. have made it clear that Tibet will not become an independent country under their watch. It also examines how currently, there are millions of non-Tibetan Chinese citizens living and working in the Tibet Autonomous Region and how although China has committed atrocities against the Tibetan people, current Chinese policy seems to be for the purpose of correcting the lives and conditions for Tibet.

From the Paper
"However, the sixth Dalai Lama, Tsayang Gyatso was a disappointment. He did not rule justly and "turned out to be totally deviant in attitude and values, refusing to play the role of a celibate religious practitioner. He renounced his monastic vows and became a famous libertine, writing love poems and carousing with women at night in Lhasa." During this time Lhabsang Khan, was the king of Tibet, and was friendly to the Qing Dynasty, instead of the Dzungar Mongols, a group of Mongols that was trying to take over China. Khan decided to declare that the sixth Dalai Lama was not the real incarnation, and removed him from his seat, forcing Tsayang Gyatso into exile."

Tags:communist, dalai, lama

Abstract
The paper offers arguments on the importance of the U.S.-Indonesia relations during the Cold War era. The main point that this paper reflects is how the potential spread of Communism in Indonesia paved the way for the infiltration of U.S. foreign policy into Indonesia's domestic and foreign affairs. U.S. interest in Indonesia focused mainly on the country's abundance of natural resources and location, and the U.S. attempted to dissuade Indonesia from falling into Communist hands.

From the Paper
"With Sukarno spearheading the quest for Indonesia Merdeka, Indonesian demands for independence grew dramatically, prompting the colonial government to withdraw from its Ethical Policy commitments by the late 1920s. Fearing potential surges of nationalist movements, the leaders of PNI were arrested and later tried. Among others, Sukarno was arrested in December 1929 and put on trial for sedition in 1930, after which he was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison. The imprisonment of the party leaders led to the dissolution of the PNI in April 1931. The split was thought to have been triggered by disparities in approaches to the nationalist movement, each with ethnic overtones. Furthermore, fueled by their intolerance of radical nationalist movements, the Dutch government formally banned a new stream of nationalist movement in the form of Partindo (Indonesian Party), which replaced the PNI as the new dominant force in nationalist movement."

Tags:asia, policy, southeast

Abstract
This paper refers to concepts of proportional representation, regional representation and asymmetrical federalism in reference to the status of Quebec in Canada. It calls for a reformed and strengthened Canadian Senate to promote provincial interests within the federal system.

From the Paper
"Still, in the current Canadian political context, the Senate does serve some functions. However, the potential exists to expand its role and structure to serve a more active role in the Canadian political system. Specifically, the Senate ought to be reformed and strengthened to promote provincial interests within the federal system. Existing models and concepts of Senate reform will be critically evaluated before a model is presented which will attempt to rectify existing problems, as well as to avoid potential failings which critics of Senate reform often predict."

Tags:asymmetrical, constitution, federalism, proportional, representation, canada, political, system, provincial, regional, reform

Abstract
This paper represents an attempt to identify the Canadian Judiciary's ability to balance the interests of the public and private sphere's according to changing social and political attitudes, as well as an evaluation of internal characteristics of the judiciary and how they necessarily effect this balance.

From the Paper
"Without question the judiciary's role in protecting individual liberties is valuable, however there are certain elements involved in the judicial process that have made its role highly controversial. The undemocratic nature of the judiciary calls into question its merit in handing down "activist" decisions that see the judiciary competing with legislatures to form the laws of Canada. Similarly, the its undemocratic, unrepresentative nature creates suspicion as to whether the judiciary is interested in protecting the rights of the common man which is the underlying purpose of the Charter. Perhaps of greatest concern is the tremendous scope of interpretive power the legislature commonly leaves to the judiciary, through the formation of unspecific, inconclusive legislation."

Tags:canada, constitutional, judiciary, law, liberties, Mill, hierarchy, supreme, court, privileges, responsibilities, obligations, private, public, rights, sphere, charter, theory

Abstract
Background
British Influence in the US and Canada
US Civil War ? It?s affect on Canada?s constitution
Constitutional Divergence ? Canada, US, and England
Political Culture
Political Sub Culture
Statistical Facts

Tags:canada, political, science, us, united, states

Abstract
This paper examines the development of nationalism in modern China, from the Han response to the Qing government to anti-imperialist agitation and republicanism under the guidance of Sun Yatsen. It looks briefly at the New Culture Movement and the role of secret societies such as the Tongmeng hui.

From the paper:

"Nationalism has been a defining ideology in the creation of Modern China, promoted at first by a series of secret societies, and later by both the Guomingdang and the Chinese Communist Party to achieve different ends. It was central to the early student movements, and the May Fourth Movement, and nationalism was the first of Sun Yatsen's Three Principles of the People. In its early stages, Chinese nationalism was based on ethnic and racial identity, and centered on Han identity, however over time the significance of ethnic identity has decreased. Foreign influence in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism has been problematic to developing a clear understanding of the movement; despite this, nationalism developed in a particularly Chinese manner."

Tags:anti, culture, han, imperialism, manchu, qing, secret, societies, sun, treaties, yatsen

Abstract
This paper argues that the taxation policies of the Liberal and Progressive Conservative Parties in Canada have shifted further to the right.

From the Paper
The Conservative Party maintains its conservative beginnings. Its philosophy is oriented toward maintaining the status quo in so far as the nation of Canada and its institutions, programs, eliminating regionalism, building a stronger nation, and limiting government intrusion into the private lives of Canadians.[i] There is little change in the Party's current platform. The Conservatives want to restore spending to the levels before the Liberals assumed power. The Conservatives have promulgated a new tax policy that calls for tax reduction

Tags:canadian, parties, political, tax, real, estate

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law