Abstract
This paper examines the psychological aspect of religion, concentrating on the works and experiments done by several well known psychologists such as Carl Jung. Experiments include the theory of the subconscious or the human psyche and their role in religion.

From the Paper
"What is religion? This is a question that begs to be answered. Is it possible that the religions of the world all stem from the fact that humans do not fully understand their situation? Is it, quite simply that we are not sure why we exist, where we came from, what we should live for, or what will happen to us when we die? Could it be that the question, "What is religion" is synonymous with the question, "What is the meaning of life. The answer to both these questions always seems to be just out of our reach, but we continue to search, journey, and quest to find the answers because we seem to intuitively know that there is more to life than meets the eye. It is a mystery that surrounds us and envelops us. At times it seems to be outside of ourselves, something surreal or otherworldly, but when closely examined the mystery can also be found within ourselves. In fact, there are frameworks of belief that point to the inner workings of the human mind as the origin of these mysteries of religion and meaning...."

Tags:archetypes, individuation, jung, myth, ritual, symbolism, religion, psyche, subconscious

Abstract
The following paper takes a look at how a therapist would approach therapy in the context of the three schools of thought, namely: Psychoanalysis, Adlerian and Jungian Therapy and discusses the appropriateness of each. Selected concepts and theories of the unconscious, the instinctual impulses, the persona and archetypes, role-playing and the superiority and inferiority complex are discussed in this paper.

From the Paper
"Freud emphasized "free association" and the therapeutic importance of recalling seemingly random material from the unconscious mind. He was the first to recognize that the unconscious thought process follows laws that were quite different from the laws of logic applicable to conscious thought. He found out that in the unconscious, the thoughts and feelings that belong together can be separated or displaced out of context while completely dissimilar ideas or images could be merged into one in the unconscious. Freud's analysis of the unconscious enabled him to interpret dreams, which he saw as a device used by the mind to protect sleep against disturbing images of early life experiences. In psychoanalysis these disturbing and unpleasant unconscious images (called latent dream content) are used by the therapist to transform into the conscious (or manifest dream) and helps the patient to come to terms with these unpleasant early life experiences. ("Arlo & Herma," Encarta)."

Tags:pioneers, human, mind, innovative, mental, illnesses, schools, thought, differences

Abstract
This paper examines the theories that Freud and Jung developed to explain what it is that our dreams mean to us when we are awake. The paper demonstrates that great scientists, like the rest of us, believe that dreams must mean something, must be useful for something. Freud's and Jung's different approaches to understanding and interpreting dreams, are illustrated.

From the Paper
"Given the simultaneous meaningfulness and fragility of dreams, it is not surprising that the greatest psychoanalysts should have turned their minds to trying to understand how it is that people interpret dreams and how it is that dreams affect our waking actions. And, given the essential ambiguity of dreams, it is hardly surprising that Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung differed dramatically in their readings of what it is that dreams mean."

Tags:psychology, sleep, sub-conscious, psychoanalysis, interpretations

Abstract
This paper examines the differences in Freud's and Jung's theories on the interpretation of dreams. Because their theories on the importance and meaning of dreams cannot be extricated from the rest of their work, a brief overview is first given of the context of the importance of dreams to each researcher. After providing this needed background, the paper focuses on their work on dreams and concludes with an examination of the implications of these differences.

From the Paper
"Freud's very earliest work (some of it almost entirely biological in focus in fact and with little bearing on psychoanalysis at all) is not particularly relevant to his work on dreams. But during the period from 1895 to 1900, Freud began to develop many of the concepts that were later incorporated into psychoanalytic practice and doctrine and have a bearing on his interpretation of dreams (Anserson, 1991, p. 132)."

Tags:psychoanalysis, sleep, subconcious

Abstract
This paper examines how there are many striking similarities between the ideas of psychiatrist Mark Epstein and the renowned psychologist Carl G. Jung. It looks at how both use the Buddhist "Wheel of Life" as a model which has very deep psychological significance. It also discusses how although Epstein refers to Buddhist beliefs directly, Jung proposes his own psychology which happens to reflect many aspects of the "Wheel of Life". It show how essentially, the psychological significance which both Epstein and Jung give to the "Wheel of Life", is how it relates to emotions.

From the Paper
"Mark Epstein is a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist, who also happens to be Buddhist. In Thoughts Without a Thinker, Epstein attempts to draw Western psychology closer to Buddhism, saying that they compliment each other. One of the central aspects of Buddhist teachings is the Wheel of Life. This is a circle which is divided into six parts, or realms. These realms represent what it is like to be human, and its purpose is to remind us not to try and escape life, but to enter all of the human experiences without getting trapped. In this way, the Wheel of Life assists Buddhists in their understanding of the meaning of life and can help in reaching the ultimate goal of nirvana."

Tags:emotion, epstein, life, mandala, wheel

Abstract
This paper shows the emergence of psychoanalysis as a major school of thought in psychology. It also outlines the major theorists involved in this process; including but not limited to Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. A comparison of the three psychoanalyst's theories is also provided, followed by a general conclusion on psychoanalysis as a whole.

From the Paper
"Psychoanalysis is an approach to the understanding of human behaviour by Freud and other prominent psychologists. It is a method of treating mental and emotional disorders by discussion and analysis of one's thoughts and feelings. It relies on the therapist's ability to make the unconscious conscious and to help guide the patients to resolve their underlying conflicts. It is based on past experiences, but there is limited empirical evidence that supports this theory as it deals with the emotional side of psychology and lacks scientific rigor, partly because there are too many variables involved to enable it to be a controlled study. But that doesn't mean to say that it is not true, it is just extremely difficult to confirm."

Tags:ego, sexual, emotional, conflicts

Abstract
This paper outlines the beginnings and sources for Jung's new approach to psychology. The author finds that Jung's childhood experiences and the things he saw around him everyday, greatly influenced his approach to psychology. The author believes that eventually Jung saw people no longer as individuals but as a collective group who shared the same unconscious and primitive ideas. This paper looks at Jung's dreams and his idea of archetypes and explains how he found support for these in other religions from the past.

From the Paper
"Man is not an isolated figure, but lives in a world that has many facets. Being constantly immersed in a specific culture and environment is bound to affect any field of study in which one is engaged. This is true for Carl Jung and his analytic personality psychology. Throughout his life, Jung was greatly affected by many events and incidents. He strived to make sense of them in an organized manner, but it was not until later in life that he was able to fully understand the true meaning of these events. Jung brought to his work and theories personal experiences, familial relations experiences, as well as the cultural-historical ideas of his time that, combined would give Jung the foundation he needed to create his great psychological theory."

Tags:archetypes, collective, religion, unconscious

Abstract
This paper discusses a wide range of theories involving dreaming, including the dreams of children, adolescents, and women. It also examines the differences in dream content with respect to age and gender, a behavioral perspective of dreaming, the rhetorical theory of dreaming, the causes and effects of post-traumatic nightmares, and a theory of dreaming as an experience of consciousness.

From the Paper
"In children, the REM stage goes from about fifty percent of total sleep in infants, to twenty five percent in two and three year olds, and down to around eighteen percent in older Dreaming 3 children and adolescents. Jean Piaget described three stages in children's understanding of their own dreams. In Piaget's theory, the first stage occurs around the age of five or six. These children are only able to interpret their dreams as something external to themselves and as being insignificant. Stage two, which begins around the age of seven or eight, has the children viewing their dreams as coming from the inside but they still view them as things happening around them, in their bedroom as they sleep. Stage three begins around the age of eight or nine and during this stage, children experience their dreams as a reflection of their innermost thoughts and feelings."

Tags:freud, jung, nightmare, psychology, theory

Abstract
This paper analyzes the three female characters in "Heart of Darkness" from a Jungian perspective. The paper explains how Marlow's aunt, Kurtz's African mistress, and his intended are representative of key archetypes found within Carl Jung's structure of personality. The key archetypes described in the paper and compared to the female characters are the earth mother, the animus, or the male part of the female personality, and the anima, the female part of the mind.

From the Paper
"As one can see, the three prime female characters of the novel Heart of Darkness are easily recognizable as the three aspects of Carl Jung's structure of personality. Kurtz's Intended, whom readers meet in the end, is the personification of the female anima, in her speech, her naivete, and her innocence. The other woman in Kurtz life, his African mistress, is the Intended's counterpart, the darkly masculine animus, as is demonstrated by her power of commend and fearless outlook. Finally, Marlow's adoring aunt is the prime representation of the mother, who nourishes and encourages. Through these three women one can see the mother, the animus and the anima can be blended into one well balanced unit, contrasting and complimenting itself in it's different aspects."

Tags:anima, animus, aunt, earthmother, heart, intended, joesph, jung, karl, kurtz, marlow, mistress

Abstract
This essay deals with an indepth look at the psychological theory of Carl Jung and how it came to be. It speaks of the influences from his personal life as well as those from other psychologists of the time. The essay looks at the idea of archetypes and how dreams manifest what is really in our unconscious mind and that to be a "whole" person one has to face the unconscious.

From the Paper
"Man is not an isolated figure, but lives in a world that has many facets. Being constantly immersed in a specific culture and environment is bound to affect any field of study in which one is engaged. This is true for Carl Jung and his analytic personality psychology. Throughout his life, Jung was greatly affected by many events and incidents. He strived to make sense of them in an organized manner, but it was not until later in life that he was able to fully understand the true meaning of these events. Jung brought to his work and theories personal experiences, familial relations experiences, as well as the cultural-historical ideas of his time that, combined would give Jung the foundation he needed to create his great psychological theory."

Tags:alchemy, archetypes, personality