Abstract
This paper discusses the OPEC organization in the 1970s, and its effects, which are examined through a neo-realist framework, and therefore show how the examination of utility-maximizing states both explains and provides meaning to the OPEC issue. OPEC's actions are presented as an example of a counter-hegemonic movement, which, rather than undermining the hegemonic control of the West, was unsuccessful and resulted in OPEC's incorporation into the global economic system.

From the Paper
"Starting in the 1970s, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel managed to achieve an unprecedented level of control over the economies of the developed Western world, extracting billions of dollars of wealth and damaging the macro-economies of these nations."

Tags:economy, international, oil, opec, political, politics, science, hegemonic, movement, incorporation, economic

Abstract
The paper examines the Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA), also known as the Calgary Declaration, and the effect it will have on fiscal federalism. It argues that the SUFA is a realization that modern federalism is not sufficient to govern a complex and highly decentralized modern welfare state. The paper also includes charts, figures and graphs.

From the Paper
"The manifest purpose of SUFA is to manage intergovernmental relations in the area of social policy, given the high degree of interconnectedness between federal and provincial social programs. These intergovernmental relations include not only the social programs by each level of government, but also, the management of transfer payments from the federal government to the provinces. It is these transfer payments which permit a high degree of program decentralization given centralization of taxation powers; in theory, this type of arrangement ought to be economically efficient by allowing program delivery to be customized to local circumstances, but maintaining national taxation standards to avoid taxation policies which would promote factor flight, resulting in an inefficient allocation of labor and capital. Increasingly, however, revenues available to the provinces through taxation and transfers are inadequate to meet their program needs. This "vertical fiscal imbalance", though disputed by the federal government, is a serious long-term problem for provincial governments and a major motivation behind the "Calgary Declaration" which led to SUFA. On analysis, though, SUFA does not restrain the spending power of the federal government the way the provinces had intended, and will not have any meaningful impact on vertical fiscal imbalance."

Tags:canada, intergovernmental, programs, relations, social, union, framework, agreement, calgary, declaration

Abstract
This essay deals with four areas which are causing Canadian National Parks to disappear--extreme government cut-backs, identity crisis, improper management and ecosystem destruction. It also suggests ways in which the government can change its polices to save these parks.

From the Paper
"Canadians look at the infamous National Park's landscape and see a vast and beautiful range of Canada at its best. Unfortunately, what one sees is often deceiving. The truth is that the state of Canada's National Parks is alarming. Entire species are disappearing, vegetation is being destroyed by development and urbanization, and the pristine lakes and rivers are being contaminated by pollution. The Canadian Government has not been fulfilling its managerial role in protecting the essential resources that are comprised in Canada's National Parks. The problems that have generated in the Park's system have often dismissed due to their seemingly insignificant characteristics. Unfortunately, all of the insignificant problems joined together to create a devastating picture of dysfunctionality of the National Parks. There are four pivotal points that have caused the Park's disastrous spiral aimed at oblivion. Extreme cuts to the Parks Canada's budget has forced them to compromise their principles on how the parks should be run, and resorted to doing what they could. Parks Canada has found itself in an extreme identity crisis, as financial pressures are pitting conflicting philosophies against one another. The Canadian Government is the root which many, if not all of the posing threats the National Parks has emerged from. Their improper management and mentality has potentially shattered any chance of Canada's ecosystem to flourish. Until the Canadian Government stops seeing the nation's national Parks yet another way to generate a clever income for their institution, the parks will continue to lose their ecological integrity until they fade from man's sight completely."

Tags:canada, crisis, cutbacks, degredation, forestry, government, identity, management, national, park

Abstract
This paper discusses the Frederick G. Gardiner Expressway, known locally as "The Gardiner", which is an expressway that connects downtown Toronto to its suburbs in the west. The paper specifically discusses the economic, social and environmental effects that would exist if the expressway is dismantled according to various policy plans. The paper also looks at the reasons for the proposal, including the rejuvenation of the waterfront. The paper argues that dismantling the expressway would have negative economic, social, and environmental effects.

Table of Contents:
Problem Definition
Background and Policy Context
Policy Alternatives
Evaluation of Policy Alternatives
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Another negative impact that burying of the Gardiner Expressway will have is its influence on the natural ecosystems that are around and under the city of Toronto. Under the city, there are buried creeks and waterways that traverse and go out into the lake that have their origins in the Oak Ridges Moraine north of the city (The Toronto Star, 2000). The process of "dewatering" the areas where the buried Gardiner would situate would be detrimental to these buried creeks and their natural flow into the lake. As a result, these waterways could back up over the years and the rising groundwater could pose severe damage to existing infrastructures to the north of the expressway (The Toronto Star, 2000). There are other problems that are associated with digging up the soils that lie beneath the Gardiner Expressway. Contaminants could be present in the soil, and as a result these contaminants could pose a threat to the ecosystems that they would be placed in while construction is undertaken. Some of the lands where the Gardiner is situated on used to be industrial sites, which means some may still contain contaminants. The soil would have to be treated to get rid of the harmfulness before it is put back, which would cost the city money."

Tags:waterfront, rejuvenation, development

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of Canada's Department of National Defense and reviews the strategic direction and structural organization of the department as well as its history and development. Many tables, diagrams and graphs are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"...Thus, the overall mission and responsibilities of the Department of National Defense ultimately acts to uphold democracy, individual rights and freedoms, peace and order, good government, and a sustainable and stable economy..."

Tags:canada, case, defense, national, political, science, study, ministry

Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of AIDS epidemic in terms of its derivation and the possible causes of AIDS. It describes AIDS in developing countries and those countries' national government strategy for battling it, the paper continues by investigating AIDS in industrialized countries and comparing these policies to those in developing countries. To better understanding the differences locally and internationally, certain sample countries have been used to illustrate the situation. The paper also explores the global AIDS prevention strategy and evaluates how HIV vaccine developing.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of AIDS
Introduction of AIDS
Global Picture of AIDS
Distribution of AIDS
AIDS in Developing Countries
Sex between Men in the Developing World
Government Strategy on Sex between Men
Education in Asia
Strategy Effectiveness
HIV Vaccine in Developing Countries
Thailand
South America
Africa
The Spread of Injecting and Drug Use in Developing Countries
The Golden Triangle
Drugs in Russia
AIDS in Industrialized Countries
American Syringe Exchange
Strategy Effectiveness
Syringe Exchange in the UK
NHS and Local Health Authorities
Global AIDS Strategy
World Health Organization
Global AIDS Societies
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference

From the Paper
"AIDS is now found worldwide. While, what is AIDS? Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) stated, "AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the result of damage to the immune system: the resultant deficiency in its functions allows certain specific opportunistic infections or tumors to flourish." It is an opportunistic virus, which could take the opportunity to damage human being's immune system and cause death.

"In 1986, there is a hypothesis released in St. Mary's Hospital (1986), that is the disease may have originated in Central Africa and then expand to Caribbean, USA and Europe. While there are more and more scientists argued the origin of AIDS, Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) argued that "AIDS was first identified as a distinct syndrome in 1981 as the consequence of a cluster of cases amongst gay men in large US cities with highly visible and established gay communities." Peter Aggleton (1994) found that how serious that AIDS expand worldwide, the epidemic has increased over 100-fold since AIDS was identified in 1981, according to the research for the Harvard-based Global AIDS Policy. By 1992 at lease 12.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV (7.1 million men, 4.7 million women, 1.1 million children)."

Tags:aids, business, hiv, strategy, epidemic, acquired, immune, deficiency, syndrome, virus

Abstract
This paper discusses the need for alternative approaches to health care. While maintaining a commitment to providing quality health care, a limited budget demands that change be made in the way that health care services are provided, and which treatments are made available. Appropriate level of care for patient need is discussed. Alternative approaches not currently in widespread use, such as acupuncture and chiropractic medicine, are proposed. The need for an improved joint effort on the part of community groups and health care providers is raised.

From the Paper
"Realizing that because of the high cost associated with health care and the limited availability of traditional hospitalized treatments an alternative approach is needed in the treatment of less severe health ailments that can be treated by alternative means. This reformed approach conserves hospitalized care for members of society who have a higher demand for these specialized services and equipment, such as organ transplant patients."

Tags:bioethics, values, medical, homeopathy, hospitalization

Abstract
This paper discusses globalization and uses three theoretical perspectives from which the phenomena can best be described - institutionalism, pluralism and Marxism. It examines each of these theories in depth in order to establish which offers the best explanation for globalization. The paper concludes that no theory is adequate to explain the effect of globalization, but that pluralism offers the best chance to ward off some of the negative affects of globalization.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most meaningful explanation of these diverging interpretations of what globalization is and how it should be defined is the result of the varying theoretical stances of academics on how best to conceptualize a nation-state. Specifically, the nature of the challenge that that globalization will have on a state, and the correct prescription for action, depends on what theoretical interpretation of the state to which one subscribes. Institutionalists note the proliferation of private and often oligopolistic networks of trans-governmental and non-governmental organizations, and the issues which they both address, and fail to address. For Marxists, globalization is a process of "hollowing-out" the state and enhancing the power of trans-national capital. Finally, the closed and intergovernmental model of trans-national relations appears to frustrate attempts at plural influence, removing many issues for the preview of domestic democratic governance. It will be suggested that no theory is sufficient to solve the problems associated with globalization, but that pluralism offers the best prospect for incremental progress."

Tags:governance, national, democratic

Abstract
This paper identifies what a bureaucrat is, and the levels under which they are classified in China. It illustrates the levels of bureaucratic power, their status at each level, and what is involved in the fluctuation of their status. Bargaining is discussed and revealed as one of the key components of the bureaucratic process in China. The paper also looks at the friction between center and local government within the bureaucratic process, and with the help of two case studies, cites clear examples of what challenges are faced by those leading the way in China's political horizon.

From the Paper
"Bureaucratic politics in China is a unique process, under which lies a webbing of bureaucratic levels, status variation and bargaining; each contributing to its unparalleled complexity."

Tags:administration, bureaucratic, china, democracy, political, politics

Abstract
This paper examines the development of nationalism in modern China, from the Han response to the Qing government to anti-imperialist agitation and republicanism under the guidance of Sun Yatsen. It looks briefly at the New Culture Movement and the role of secret societies such as the Tongmeng hui.

From the paper:

"Nationalism has been a defining ideology in the creation of Modern China, promoted at first by a series of secret societies, and later by both the Guomingdang and the Chinese Communist Party to achieve different ends. It was central to the early student movements, and the May Fourth Movement, and nationalism was the first of Sun Yatsen's Three Principles of the People. In its early stages, Chinese nationalism was based on ethnic and racial identity, and centered on Han identity, however over time the significance of ethnic identity has decreased. Foreign influence in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism has been problematic to developing a clear understanding of the movement; despite this, nationalism developed in a particularly Chinese manner."

Tags:anti, culture, han, imperialism, manchu, qing, secret, societies, sun, treaties, yatsen