Abstract
This paper examines the grave issue concerning child poverty that exists in Canada, as 15.6% of Canadian children are currently living below the poverty line. Within the paper, certain social groups are examined that have a high representation of child poverty. Among these are single mother homes, families whose parents' employment is non-standardized, immigrants, visible minorities, Aboriginals, and children with disabilities. For each of these social groups, there is an explanation of the factors that led the particular group to have a high child poverty percentage.

From the Paper
"1,065,000 children, or nearly one in six of Canada's children remain in poverty. Following five straight years of decline, in 2002, there was a jump in the child poverty rate, recorded as 15.6% (StatsCan). Although the constant decline in the previous years was seen as a positive step and possibly a continuing trend, this notion was quickly discarded once the level jumped in the opposite direction than anticipated. In order to properly understand the issue concerning child poverty, one must examine what social groups are mostly affected by poverty and the reasons and factors that influence a household income level, which determines who lives under the poverty line. Exposing itself to one third of children in Canada for at least one year, child poverty is a grave and serious issue within our nation. Although it is not especially restricted to, child poverty is largely represented among certain social groups, such as those raised by a female sole parent or parents whose employment is non-standardized, immigrants, visible minorities, Aboriginals, and children with disability."

Tags:aboriginals, child, children, classes, disabilities, families, groups, immigrants, kids, minorities, mothers, non, poverty, single, social, societal, standardized, visible, welfare, work

Abstract
This paper seeks to better understand what hospice care entails in Canada. It reviews some of the barriers faced by patients, families and palliative nurses with end of life issues. It discusses how quality of care at the end of life has many significant issues. The writer notes that countless citizens who could benefit from palliative care do not receive it or obtain it during the last few days or weeks of their illness. The author touches on strategies for overcoming the existing barriers in community based hospice care as well as how nurses can be leaders in ensuring that appropriate palliative care is received.

From the Paper
"Hospice care is not only for the patient; but for their family and friends as well. Emotional, spiritual, physical and social needs are addressed by the palliative team. Hospice provides tailored services in a caring community where patients and families attain the required groundwork for a death that is satisfactory to them. The nature of dying is one of a kind so that the goal of the hospice team is to be responsive and receptive to the special needs of each individual and family."
"Although hospice-palliative nurses bring expert knowledge and skills to the delivery of comprehensive and empathetic care to persons and families living with advanced illness, studies reveal that due to enormous barriers in end-of-life care in nursing homes and patients' residences, unnecessary suffering occurs at the bedside."

Tags:palliative, hospice, care, caregivers

Abstract
The writer explores the differences and the similarities between single and dual parent homes and uses three sources to identify each category. The emotional, social and developmental characteristics of children from each type of home is analyzed.

From the Paper
"In today's world there are as many children living in homes of single parents as there are children living in homes with two parents. It has become so commonplace that it is not unusual to hear questions such as "Does your dad live with you?" or "Are your parents divorced?" as a normal part of daily conversation. There have been numerous studies done on the effects of being raised in a single parent home and being raised in a dual parent home. Many differences between the two settings have been discovered and many similarities have also been noted. The one thing experts agree on is that they are not one and the same."

Tags:parent, child, single, dual, emotional, social, development, mother, father, economic, pressure, poverty, neglect

Abstract
This short paper outlines the problems of homelessness that exist in America. The author gives a few options for solutions and compares homelessness of today and of the past, suggesting that loss of community and social life add to the problem.

From the Paper
"We?ve all seen them on the street. Many of us have given them our spare change while passing by. Maybe you've even served them Thanksgiving dinner in a shelter somewhere. Perhaps you've felt an overwhelming sense of pity for them, or maybe a sense of detest and disgust. The point is, homelessness is a major problem in America. You can go to any major city and find homeless people on park benches, street corners, doorways, and stairwells. And in every city, you will see almost the same thing - the average American passing by them while doing their best to ignore them - this is how we have trained ourselves as a nation to react to this problem - ignore it. It seems to big a problem to solve, so we ignore it as well as we can. Unfortunately, the last thing we should be doing is ignoring it - the fact that there are citizens of our country who do not have the basic needs that we need as humans - food, shelter, and clothing - is horrendous. I'm going to add one more necessity to that list: love and acceptance. Not only are we ignoring their physical needs, but we don't even think about their emotional needs. Luckily, I am not alone in my call to action on this subject - many groups such as the National Coalition for the Homeless, Habitat for Humanity, the Salvation Army, PADS (a close to home organization - PADS serves the southwest suburbs homeless community with shelters, food, and health care), Goodwill, newspapers and the rest of the media, and even some judges, lawyers, legislators, and other government officials join in the plea to solve this homelessness problem that seems so overwhelming."

Tags:government, problems, reform, social

Abstract
Discussing how gang activity is on the rise throughout the United States, along with the poverty that is the root cause. Comparing two articles that deal with this issue - Tim Lucas' article focuses on the general panic across America concerning the presence and spread of gangs. It explores the barriers built between the white majority and the impoverished Hispanic minority in Santa Cruz's Beach Flats area, and discusses how these barriers have affected the rise of gangs. The second article details a study in which Australian street kids were observed and interviewed. This study focused on gender relations between street kids as well as social organization and moral conduct. These two articles are compared on several grounds, this first being an assessment of the main points of each, second is an evaluation of their contributions to the literature on this subject. Next, the differing approaches to research are contrasted, as well as the results of this research. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of each article are compared.

From the Paper
"The issue of urban poverty, homelessness and gangs is a very serious one, and will only continue to gain importance as more and more of the world develops. These two articles both deal with this issue but in very different ways. Lucas tries to develop a model that can be universally applied to urban gangs, and does this through the example of the Beach Flats area of Santa Cruz. It's main conclusions are that although youth crime is increasing, there is an over inflated fear of this increase, and that it is the boundaries formed in the midst of this moral panic that the problem of youth gangs is exacerbated. Winchester and Costello's article is at the opposite end of the spectrum, in that it focuses solely on a single group of homeless children, in an attempt to understand their nature more thoroughly, but with no attempt made to provide deeper insight into the problem of homelessness as a whole."

Tags:australian, cultural, geography, homelessness, living, poverty, youth

Abstract
This paper summarizes an article and discusses some possible solutions for preparing the current Canadian Medicare system for the aging baby boom population. It focuses on the reasons why a privitized health care system would not be beneficial to the majority of Canadians, and the alternatives that could be adopted to end the Medicare crisis.

From the Paper
"The possibility of the aging baby boom flooding the health system, and rendering it impossible to fund has been a topic of particular interest recently. Medicare has been the pride of the Canadian welfare state, and concerns for it s future have led to many propositions. It is predominantly a publicly financed, privately delivered health care system that combines the entire country s insurance plans (Macionis 346). One extreme is to abandon Medicare altogether, and replace it with a privatized system. Conflict theorists, who feel that it would only benefit profit-seekers, the wealthy, and a small minority of powerful capitalists, have criticized this suggestion. The majority of theorists, particularly functionalists, seek solutions that are less radical, and could include the present Medicare system, but improve it s efficiency, and availability (Manga 182). Research has shown that an aging population does not pose a threat to the present health care system, but changes could be made to reduce the risk of Medicare becoming increasingly costly in the future (Poplin 49). The imposition of a private health care system would not be to the advantage of most Canadians, but reforms could improve the efficiency of the current system. "

Tags:aging, baby, boom, canadian, care, health, medicare, sociology

Abstract
Using Ben Carniol's "Case Critical: Challenging Social Services in Canada", as well as Larry Jonston's "Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State," this paper discusses the welfare state in Canada, the development of it and its shrinkage within the past one hundred year. The author shows evidence that the modern welfare state is shrinking in today's society because of the advancement of right wing politics and the decline of Keynesianism as a solution to the problems of the people of Canada.

From the Paper
"It is important to remember that Canada did not invent the welfare state, it was merely adopted during the development of the country. It was the adoption of these welfare state ideals, that has lead Canada to develop things such as free public Health Care, Employment Insurance, public education and welfare itself. Ben Carniol (2000) explains the welfare states creation in the terms of industrial England where it first surfaced in the modern form. The creation of a welfare state began when the capitalistic owners of large factories in England were beginning to become disgruntled by the constant visitation of representatives from the numerous charitable organizations that had formed in the country to help the poor and underprivileged survive in the new society that saw the factory owners compete for profits at the expense of the men who worked for them under sometimes extremely harsh conditions. It was agreed upon that some sort of central organization for the collection of charity from the owners would be necessary to ensure that the money was going to charity and not people who had begun cheating the system in order to make money for themselves."

Tags:welfare, canada, state, development, insurance, employment, public, education, england, politics, right, wing, charity, poor, family, allowance, england, tax, cuts, fiscal, policy, subsidies, government, north, america, marginal, poor, poverty

Abstract
This paper discusses the idea that a program focused on deterring separation and divorce, will eventually lead to a decrease in juvenile delinquency. The paper illustrates the evident link between broken homes and increased rates of criminal offense, but emphasizes that this is only one of many issues which can be equally predictive of delinquency. The paper provides a more comprehensive solution to the problem, that of a family intervention program. This program is briefly outlined.

From the Paper
"According to Juby and Farrington (2001), research concerning the impact of marital breakdown on the delinquency rates of juveniles has increased dramatically since the 1960s. While studies do show a definite link between broken homes and increased rates of criminal offending, the data is not substantial enough to warrant a program that should be focused on deterring separation and divorce. The majority of studies in this area point to single parent homes being one of many factors contributing to increased delinquency, and also show that high conflict two-parent homes can be equally predictive of delinquency (Juby & Farrington, 2001). It, therefore, appears that family intervention programs would better serve the goal of decreased crime rates if one were to focus on increasing parental engagement in the lives of their children, reducing family conflict and violence, and early intervention programs that provide support and education to families in need."

Tags:crime, education, intervention, prevention, juvenile, delinquency, divorce

Abstract
Examines poverty in Canada and whether or not the problem is as large as made out to be. The writer compares absolute and relative poverty measures and what these statistics mean. It begins by providing a basic definition of poverty and how this relates to the situation in Canada. It then takes a look at the poverty stats in Canada and how these are played out on a day-to-day basis.

From the Paper
"Poverty is an enduring social issue. Poverty is as much of a problem today as it has been since the birth of capitalism; although capitalism is not the sole cause of poverty. Poverty is a contentious issue for numerous reasons. First off, there is not a unilaterally accepted definition of poverty. Both relative and absolute measures of poverty are undertaken, with each producing different sets of data and implications. The causes of poverty are varied and are mainly a by-product of the nature of the Canadian economy. Capitalism itself is less of a cause as is the discrimination within the job market that capitalism permits. When these factors are fully taken into account and fully understood, only then will the poverty issue be an issue of the past."

Tags:absolute, cut, income, lines, low, off, poor, relative

Abstract
This is a research proposal that was done to look at the effects of poverty on immigration in Canada. In Canada, immigrants are more likely to live under the poverty line than native Canadian-born citizens. The proposal attempts to answer the question: Why are Canada?s immigrants more likely to end up in poverty than native-born Canadians. It is a qualitative proposal, which includes a literature review. The author discusses census data and utilizes interview questions and answers. The proposal was written in first person narrative, and is 13 pages long, including bibliography as well as a potential newspaper ad for gathering applicants to the study.

From the Paper
"This study will hopefully show why it is that immigrants to Canada , at least those who arrived since 1981, are more likely to live in poverty than native-born Canadians. It will attempt to find possible solutions to prevent this from happening to future immigrant populations, whether the problem lies in the hands of the immigration system, or if it has to do with something else. Optimistically, my study will also serve to educate the public and policy makers to adopt different views on immigration and immigrants than the ones currently harbored by many. In my opinion, education of the public and lawmakers will prove crucial after the findings to start finding ways to make some changes to get these people out of poverty, which would benefit everyone."

Tags:literature, census, methods, interview, qualitiative, research, immigration, LICO