Abstract
Karen Horney (1885-1953) was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has become popularly known as a prominent opponent of Freud's approach to feminine psychology. But this work formed only a part of Horney's career and her most important contribution to psychoanalysis is her mature theory, in which she also departed from Freud, that stresses relationships and other social factors as the primary forces operating in the development and functioning of personality.

From the Paper
"Karen Horney (1885-1953) was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has become popularly known as a prominent opponent of Freud's approach to feminine psychology. But this work formed only a part of Horney's career and her most important contribution to psychoanalysis is her mature theory, in which she also departed from Freud, that stresses relationships and other social factors as the primary forces operating in the development and functioning of personality. Horney's theory developed steadily throughout her long career and her departures from psychoanalytic orthodoxy often isolated her at first, and then led to productive work that attracted followers.

Horney was born Karen Danielsen in Hamburg, Germany. In the early part of the century there was, among educated Europeans, a growing "atmosphere of social and political excitement concerning ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the ideas of Gloria Steinem about women in the workplace. The author provides a brief biography of Steinem. The paper explores the ways Steinem seeks to redefine the workplace and the home to improve women's political and cultural position.

Abstract
This paper argues the moral superiority of egoism in Ayn Rand's "The Fountainhead."

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of postmodernism and a discussion of the contributions of postcolonial feminist Bell Hooks. Issues addressed in this paper include the politics of difference, racism, essentialism and references are made specifically to the writings of bell hooks.

Abstract
This paper explains that, ultimately, Nietzsche has little important insight to offer on the subject of women, a disappointing oversight from a philosopher who repeatedly offered such perceptive and daring views on many important subjects. The author points out that Nietzsche argues that much of a woman's philosophy becomes distorted, including the maternal instinct, and that a woman's desire for children ultimately becomes a way for the woman to make up for her sexual indiscretions. The paper relates that Nietzsche reveals sexist attitudes in the terms that he uses to refer to women, which include cows, cats, and birds. This was an especially strong insult in the language of the time, which saw these creatures as lower animals that were far inferior to man in many important ways, including the use of reason and intellect.

From the Paper
"Despite the clear disapproval of the racist and sexist aspects of his work, Nietzsche has nonetheless made a clear and important contribution to both modern philosophy and to the culture of the modern western world. His often-quoted idea of the "superman", his views on the will to power, and his shattering statement that God is dead, have made an undeniable impact on the political and social landscape of Europe and North America. He is one of the rare philosophers whose name sparks instant recognition in almost any North American, a true testament to the lasting power of his ideals, and the degree to which work has infiltrated modern life."

Tags:attitudes, contradictory, sexist, society, language

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses the implication of silence that is portrayed in Maxine Hong Kingston's book "The Woman Warrior". The writer examines how this aspect of silence relates to the narrator's Chinese roots. Further, the writer explores the debilitating and empowering effects of the silence.

From the Paper
"In Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts" the concept of silence plays a significant role in illustrating concepts of gender, culture and prejudice. Above all, silence is used as a symbolic representation of the muting of individuality and individual expression due to gender culture and prejudice. These forces of gender culture and prejudice that undermine individuality and stifle expression manifest themselves both within the culture of the individual and the mainstream culture. Kingston's semi-autobiographical novel demonstrates the struggle ..."

Tags:culture, gender, prejudice, bias, oppression, voice, expression, identity, potentiality, language, reading, learning, writing, education

Abstract
This paper explores the shifts in Canadian feminist theory within a feminist periodical through the case study of "Canadian Women's Studies / les cahiers de la femme." specifically in the shift during 1978 to 2010 from a focus on gender to intersectionality
to show the role of periodicals within the feminist movement. After analyzing this journal, the author observes a quasi-linear shift of feminists from emphasizing gendered power relations as the root of social injustice to feminists, who are now taking an intersectional approach. The paper concludes that this journal does adopt and disseminate shifts in feminist theory.

Table of Contents:
The Theory Trajectory of Canadian Woman Studies, 1978-2010
Beginning Theory
"I Would Say Intersectionality": Shifting Towards an Intersectional Approach
Recent Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"At beginning of the publication of Canadian Women's Studies, in issues as early as the first in 1978, we see use of patriarchal sociological theories to explain oppression. One of the first ways we can identify the theory upon which the issue is based is by reading the editorial mission statement. The one from 1978 begins "Canadian Women's Studies is a journal for all women who are teaching and learning together. For too long we have stayed in our separate cubbyholes of office, home, studio and classroom. As women we all experience the same constraints implanted upon us by a society structured for men - by men" . We can see in this statement the clear reference to an essential womanness, and the idea that the root of her oppression is patriarchy. There is also an appeal to an essential sisterhood "as women" in opposition to men. This binary of woman/non-woman is very different from the intersectional approach, which maintains that women might find they have more in common with men of a similar socio-economic background than with fellow women of a different context.
"This sentiment is also echoed in an article by Marion Colby. She writes that "Women's Studies, [...] enables women to alter the unequal distribution of power between the sexes" (Colby 4). Again, there is no mention of other unequal power relations, such as ones between classes and racialized groups."

Tags:themes, sisterhood, sexism, marginalized, intersectionality

From the Paper
"Michel Foucault, in The History of Sexuality, can definitely be considered a feminist, if one sees feminism as a search for truth about human nature, relationships, and the role and function of power in defining one's identity (including one's sexuality). Foucault argues that since the eighteenth century Western civilization has increasingly become obsessed with talking and thinking about sex as a subject, rather than partaking of "bodies and pleasures" (157). Feminism certainly posits that a woman to be authentically alive must overcome alienation from her body, whether that alienation is imposed upon her by an individual male or by "power" as it is exercised by the entire structure of society. This generalized sense of power is what Foucault posits as the controlling force behind the history of sexuality and the accompanying increase in public discourse ..."

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that women are discriminated against in the workplace with lower salaries and fewer promotions compared to men, regardless of the education or experience they have. The writer questions why people take employers to court for discrimination. The writer notes that before discussing how women are discriminated against it is important to understand why discrimination is wrong.

From the Paper
"Four out of ten American women visit one of Wal-Mart's stores weekly ... Yet Wal-Mart is not only a horrifyingly stingy employer: Many workers say it is also a sexist one. Wal-Mart is not the only business discrimination against women. Five different areas of discrimination are race, sex, religion, age, and disability. Another large company that discriminates against women is Boeing."

Tags:discrimination, women, workplace

Abstract
This paper examines the aspects that feminism has in common with other political ideologies, such as liberalism and social democracy. The author explains that since feminism also disagrees with other aspects of these ideologies, it would not be correct to say that it is derived from them, although it might be termed newer. The author gives examples of points where feminism concurs with liberalism, socialism, social democracy and conservatism, and where it diverges. The author explains why a chronological way of viewing ideologies does not work, since it can be argued, for example, that feminism has existed in some form as long as women have been considered to be inferior to men. The paper concludes that even with their inherent contradictions, feminism, conservatism, and social democracy all have common aspects, though none of them can lay claim to being the precursor of another.

From the Paper
"Feminists view the right to choose as very individualistic, and the philosophy behind it is that they think that women have the right to choose what to do with their bodies. Any government regulation that attempts to regulate what a person does with their body, in the view of feminists, oversteps what governments should be allowed to do. Pro-choice advocates are very similar to liberalists in that they feel as though their own reason and their ability to take rational actions should not be disrespected. This is the ultimate goal and most important aspect of liberalism: "Individuals are assumed to be capable of using reason and taking rational actions in pursuit of their interests" (Mintz et al, 2008)."

Tags:society slogan empiricism, free market, contradiction viewpoint motherhood domination